‘Intercrossings’ between Spanish women’s groups and their German, British and Portuguese counterparts (1914–32)

This article contends that the movement in favour of the rights of women in Spain during the first third of the twentieth century was integrated into several international networks. Three exchanges are analysed between, on the one hand, the women socialists and suffragists in Spain, and, on the other, the international networks built up by the German socialist Clara Zetkin, the suffragists of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance and the Portuguese feminist Ana de Castro Osório. Scrutiny of these ‘intercrossings’ reveals that, despite their ‘asymmetrical’ outcomes, the demand for the social and political rights of women surpassed national boundaries and had a transformative impact on all the parties involved.

Coming Home

By 1927, Crystal Eastman had been living as the freelance journalist she never wanted to be, pitching article after article to conservative or capricious editors. She had recently covered the momentous International Woman Suffrage Alliance congress in Paris, but was generally exhausted from childcare and homemaking, frustrated by declining health, and almost always behind in her bills. She longed to return to home. Paul Kellogg advised patient planning and supplied a prescient idea for new line of work, but she returned to New York quite hastily, with only a short speaking engagement planned. Three weeks later, Walter died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Deep in mourning, Eastman began a temporary job organizing a celebration for The Nation. Her colleagues noticed she was fighting a tremendous battle. In fact, she was mortally ill. Her kidneys, damaged long ago by scarlet fever, were now giving out. Ten months later, she passed away.

Gambaran Perempuan dalam Dua Ilustrasi Online Jerman Bertema Weltfrauentag (Hari Perempuan Dunia)

<p class="Normal1"><em>Abstrak</em> - <strong>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk </strong><strong>mengetahui bagaimana </strong><strong>penggambaran </strong><strong>perempuan setelah ditetapkannya Hari Perempuan Internasional </strong><strong>(<em>Weltfrauentag) </em></strong><strong>dalam </strong><strong>dua</strong><strong> ilustrasi online yang dimuat pada dua portal ilustrasi online di Jerman, yaitu <em>toonpool.de </em>dan<em> </em></strong><strong><em>ce-</em></strong><strong><em>comico</em></strong><strong><em>.</em></strong><strong><em>de</em></strong><strong><em>.</em></strong><strong> Metode penelitian yang </strong><strong>di</strong><strong>gunakan berupa metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka. </strong><strong>Analisis ini menggunakan teori analisis wacana kritis model Sara Mills dan model teori segitiga semantik Charles Sanders Peirce.</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa </strong><strong>penggambaran perempuan dalam </strong><strong>media baru berupa ilustrasi online</strong><strong> menghadirkan diskusi terbuka mengenai pelekatan unsur domestik yang kuat pada perempuan. Diskusi ini dihadirkan oleh dua ilustrasi ini dengan cara berbeda. Ilustrasi pertama bernada positif, sedangkan yang kedua bernada pesimis. Ilustrasi pertama menggambarkan pelekatan unsur domestik melalui permainan kata oleh pemuka agama yang kemudian dipatahkan dengan penggunaan warna cerah dan simbol gambar yang mendukung kemajuan perempuan. Sementara itu, ilustrasi kedua menggunakan penggambaran relasi kuasa pada pimpinan laki-laki dan bawahan perempuannya. Kesadaran akan adanya hari perempuan dunia yang diucapkan pimpinan laki laki hanya mengacu pada kemampuan perempuan dalam mengerjakan pekerjaan domestik. Warna gelap dan simbol ada dalam gambar juga menyiratkan rasa pesimis yang diusung ilustrasi tersebut.</strong></p><p class="Normal1"><em>Abstract<strong> </strong>- </em><strong>The purpose of this research was to find out how the portrayal of women (concerning international women's day/Weltfrauentag) depicted in two German online illustrations. This research methodology is a qualitative method that is written by descriptive analysis with the approach of the study of literature. This research used Sara Mills's critical discourse analysis and semantic triangle theory by Charles Sanders Peirce. The research found that the portrayal of women in the new media (in the form of illustrated online) open the discussion on the domestication of woman. This discussion is presented differently in the two illustrations: while the first shows hope and positive attitude, the latter is seen pessimistic. The first illustration depicts the domestication of a woman using the word-play by two monks that are denied by using bright color and symbol of woman empowerment. The second illustration describes the power-relation between a male director and a woman employee. The male director argues the "International Woman Day" by referring only to woman domestic skills. The dark color and symbols support pessimistic attitude in the illustration.</strong></p><p class="Normal1"><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> – <em>International Woman’s Day, Domestication of Woman, online illustration, Weltfrauentag.</em></p>