Clinical Manifestation of COVID-19 in General Age Group: A Review

Background: COVID-19 is the disease caused by SARS-COV-2 or novel coronavirus. It is extremely contagious and has capability to produce severe clinical outcomes. Summary: Clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is different for different age groups. The general trend is that the chance of contraction and severe clinical outcome after infection increases with increase in age. The vulnerable section which is going through their immunosuppressive state must be cautious as they need to be protected more than any age group of the population. Conclusion: More study needs to be done to find out the vulnerable groups and nuances attached between COVID-19 and clinical manifestation in them.

Clinical outcome after infection with Helicobacter pylori does not appear to be reliably predicted by the presence of any of the genes of the cag pathogenicity island

Background—The development of clinical disease after infection with Helicobacter pylori has been reported to be associated with expression of the cagA gene. Recently, it has been shown that cagA is part of a multigene locus, described as the cag pathogenicity island (PAI). The role of this region in determining clinical outcome remains to be established.Aims—To investigate whether the presence ofcagA is always associated with the presence of the complete cag PAI and to evaluate the distribution of selected cag genes in 73 H pylori strains isolated from patients in France.Methods—Clinical strains of H pyloriwere screened for selected genes of the cag PAI by polymerase chain reaction and colony hybridisation.Results—Of 64 strains that harboured thecagA gene, 57 (89%) also contained the entirecag PAI. The entire cag PAI was found in 85% (48/56) and 53% (9/17) of duodenal ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia isolates, respectively. Eight strains had deletions within thecag PAI, including deletion of the cagA gene in one isolate; the deletions were not associated with the insertion sequence IS605. Of eight strains lacking the cag PAI, four were isolated from patients with duodenal ulcer.Conclusion—The cag PAI is not a uniform, conserved entity. Although the presence of thecag PAI is highly associated with duodenal ulcer, the clinical outcome of infection with H pylori is not reliably predicted by any gene of the cag PAI.