Identification of potential new vaccine candidates in Salmonella typhi using reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics-based approach

ABSTRACTSalmonella enterica serovar typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever in human. The available vaccine lacks the effectiveness and further overuse of the antibiotics throughout the past decades lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. To reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance, it is essential to develop new vaccines. In this study using an extensive bioinformatic analysis based on reverse vaccinology and subtractive genomics-based approach, we searched the genome of S typhi. We found that two outermost membrane proteins LptD and LptE, which are responsible for the final transport of the LPS across the membrane having most of the essential signature for being vaccine target. Both of these proteins are found highly conserved and possess shared surface epitopes among several species of Salmonella pathogens. This indicates that these two proteins could be the potential target for vaccine development, which could be effective for a broad range of Salmonella pathogens.

HISTORY PAINTING REDISTANCED: FROM BENJAMIN WEST TO DAVID WILKIE

This essay extends my previous investigations of distance to a genre of art that took distance (or elevation) as its essential signature. In a landmark article Edgar Wind argued that Benjamin West created a “revolution in history painting” by substituting distance in time for distance in space. I argue that a wider and more plastic understanding of distance can help to guide our studies of historical representation, visual as well as verbal. Temporal distance, I suggest, is mediated by at least four basic modes of distance, which I identify as formal, affective, ideological, and conceptual. Understood in these terms, a heuristic of distance and redistancing provides grounds for analyzing the various schools and genres that make up the field of historical representation—neoclassical and nineteenth- century history painting among them.