Benchmarking analysis for automated and non-automated container terminals

Автоматизация контейнерных терминалов является одним из главных глобальных трендов в развитии технологий перегрузки и хранения контейнерных грузов. Системы автоматизации, применяемые на контейнерных терминалах, могут в разной степени включать в себя функции управления контейнеропотоком, планирования работы склада терминала, грузового планирования загрузки / разгрузки судов, автоматизации работы оборудования на терминале, планирования расстановки оборудования, электронного документооборота и другие. На традиционных (неавтоматизированных) терминалах большая часть перечисленных выше задач решается с непосредственным участием человека. Это приводит к неравномерности в интенсивности погрузочно-разгрузочных работ. В данной статье приводится сравнение показателей эффективности работы автоматизированных и неавтоматизированных контейнерных терминалов. Для целей сравнительного анализа применяется методика бенчмаркинга на основе обосновано выбранных показателей работы. Наиболее значимые показатели работы включают в себя напряженность работ причального фронта, частную производительность оборудования и интенсивность использования площади. Значения этих показателей сравниваются не только между автоматизированными и неавтоматизированными контейнерными терминалами, но и с типовыми показателями, используемыми при проектировании новых терминалов. Сделаны выводы и предположения о зависимостях некоторых показателей от уровня автоматизации терминала. Automatization is one of the main trends in global container handling and storage solutions. Automatization systems, applied at container terminals, may include following container flow controlling functions: storage area planning, container vessel cargo (bay) planning, cargo handling equipment, cargo handling equipment positioning, EDI (electronic document interchange), etc. Many of the functions mentioned are carried out manually at conventional non-automated container terminals. This leads to unsteadiness of cargo operation rates. This research shows the results of analytical comparison of selected KPIs (key performance indicators) of automated and non-automated container terminals. Method of benchmarking is used to compare certain KPIs. Among the most significant performance indicators are berth operations intensity, local productivity of equipment, intensity of storage area usage. These indicators are compared not only between automated and non-automated container terminals, but are also compared to typical design indicators used for drafting new terminals. A number of conclusions and suggestions about dependencies between KPIs and automatization level at container terminals is made.

ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT INTERCHANGE IN RUSSIA: BARRIERS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT

Electronic document interchange is one of the digital technologies, which is designed to increase the efficiency of business-processes by saving two key resources: labor and time. Electronic document management systems can be implemented in a level of an individual enterprise, as well as at inter-corporate and international levels. Despite the significant advantages that are assumed by the use of electronic document management systems, the process of spreading this technology is slowed for some reasons, such as gaps in the law and psychological barriers of employees. The research of opportunities and risks associated with the prevalence of electronic document interchange, the study of the institutional conditions for its development, the forms of its organization and specific features of its implementation is a necessary condition for improving the process of its spreading in Russian economic practice.

COMBINING STRUCTURED DOCUMENTS WITH HIGH-LEVEL PETRI-NETS FOR WORKFLOW MODELING IN INTERNET-BASED COMMERCE

This article discusses the application of a new variant of high-level Petri nets, the so-called SGML nets, for modeling business processes in the area of Internet-based commerce. SGML nets are designed to capture the process of generating and manipulating structured documents based on the international standard SGML. Since the currently most relevant document standards on the Internet are HTML (an SGML application) and XML (a subset of SGML), SGML nets offer an elegant way to integrate central aspects of Electronic Commerce applications, such as the generation of online product catalogs, processing of online orders, and electronic document interchange between companies, into a unified formal workflow model. The article gives an introduction to the central concepts of SGML nets and includes an example of their application from the area of online order processing.