Synthesis and Radical Polymerizations of N-Substituted Maleimide Bearing Two Olefinic Groups

A kind of N-substituted maleimide - having two olefinic bonds with different reactivities, (S)-N-Maleoyl-L-leucine allyl ester ((S)-ALMI), was synthesized from maleic anhydride, L-leucine and allyl alcohol. Radical polymerizations were carried out to obtain optically active polymers using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile. Structures of the monomer and polymers obtained were investigated by NMR measurements. In radical polymerizations, the solvents strongly affect the radical polymerization behaviors of (S)-ALMI.

Development of Hydraulic Fracturing New Technique

Introducing several new types of fracturing fluid which consist the low damage fracturing fluid (HPF), a new clean fracturing fluid (EFAS), alcohol radical fracturing fluid, summarizing several new technology such as floating prop pant fracturing technology, end sand strip controlling seam height fracturing technology, hydraulic injection layer fracturing technology and seam height controlled technology during fracturing, analyzing the corresponding fracturing Modification Techniques of different reservoir types. Developing the hydraulic fracturing technology for their oil fields based on the study at home and abroad is proposed.

Formation of β-O-4 Lignin Models -A Theoretical Study

Summary The formation of two different β-O-4 lignin models is investigated by means of density functional calculations. It is found that the coupling of two coniferyl alcohol radicals forming a quinone methide proceeds by an energy barrier of ~2–5 kcal/mol, and that the associated reaction energy is negative by more than 20 kcal/mol. On the basis of the corresponding results obtained for the coupling of a coniferyl alcohol radical to a coniferyl alcohol, it is argued that the resulting radical, albeit being formed in an energetically less favourable process, might play an important role in lignin polymerisation. Finally, two different reaction mechanisms for the conversion of a quinone methide into a guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl ether dilignol through the addition of water are explored.