A new discrete wavelength BUV algorithm for consistent volcanic SO₂ retrievals from multiple satellite missions

This paper describes a new discrete wavelength algorithm developed for retrieving volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) vertical column density (VCD) from UV observing satellites. The Multi-Satellite SO2 algorithm (MS_SO2) simultaneously retrieves column densities of sulfur dioxide, ozone, Lambertian Effective Reflectivity (LER) and its spectral dependence. It is used operationally to process measurements from the heritage Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on board NASA's Nimbus-7 satellite (N7/TOMS: 1978–1993) and from the current Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) on board Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR: 2015–) from the Earth-Sun Lagrange (L1) orbit. Results from MS_SO2 algorithm for several volcanic cases were validated using the more sensitive principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm. The PCA is an operational algorithm used by NASA to retrieve SO2 from hyperspectral UV spectrometers, such as Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board NASA’s Earth Observing System Aura satellite and Ozone Mapping and Profiling Suite (OMPS) on board NASA-NOAA Suomi National Polar Partnership (S-NPP) satellite. For this comparative study, the PCA algorithm was modified to use the discrete wavelengths of the Nimbus7/TOMS instrument, described in S1 of the paper supplement. Our results demonstrate good agreement between the two retrievals for the largest volcanic eruptions of the satellite era, such as 1991 Pinatubo eruption. To estimate SO2 retrieval uncertainties we use radiative transfer simulations explicitly accounting for volcanic sulfate and ash aerosols. Our results suggest that the discrete-wavelength MS_SO2 algorithm, although less sensitive than hyperspectral PCA algorithm, can be adapted to retrieve volcanic SO2 VCDs from contemporary hyperspectral UV instruments, such as OMI and OMPS, to create consistent, multi-satellite, long-term volcanic SO2 climate data records.

Dynamic Behaviors of a Nonautonomous Impulsive Competitive System with the Effect of Toxic Substance

We firstly propose a nonautonomous impulsive Lotka-Volterra competitive system with the effect of toxic substance. Only one of the two species could produce toxic substance. Sufficient condition which guarantees the extinction of one of the species and the global attractivity of the other species is obtained. We also present an example to verify our main results, which show that species still is possibly driven to extinction when only one of the two species produces toxic substances. The results of this paper supplement the existing results.

Periodic and Solitary-Wave Solutions for a Variant of theK(3,2)Equation

We employ the bifurcation method of planar dynamical systems and qualitative theory of polynomial differential systems to derive new bounded traveling-wave solutions for a variant of theK(3,2)equation. For the focusing branch, we obtain hump-shaped and valley-shaped solitary-wave solutions and some periodic solutions. For the defocusing branch, the nonexistence of solitary traveling wave solutions is shown. Meanwhile, some periodic solutions are also obtained. The results presented in this paper supplement the previous results.

The amino acid sequence of chymopapain from Carica papaya

Chymopapain is a polypeptide of 218 amino acid residues. It has considerable structural similarity with papain and papaya proteinase omega, including conservation of the catalytic site and of the disulphide bonding. Chymopapain is like papaya proteinase omega in carrying four extra residues between papain positions 168 and 169, but differs from both papaya proteinases in the composition of its S2 subsite, as well as in having a second thiol group, Cys-117. Some evidence for the amino acid sequence of chymopapain has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50153 (12 pages) at the British Library Document Supply Centre, Boston Spa., Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1990) 265, 5. The information comprises Supplement Tables 1-4, which contain, in order, amino acid compositions of peptides from tryptic, peptic, CNBr and mild acid cleavages, Supplement Fig. 1, showing re-fractionation of selected peaks from Fig. 2 of the main paper. Supplement Fig. 2, showing cation-exchange chromatography of the earliest-eluted peak of Fig. 3 of the main paper, Supplement Fig. 3, showing reverse-phase h.p.l.c. of the later-eluted peak from Fig. 3 of the main paper, and Supplement Fig. 4, showing the separation of peptides after mild acid hydrolysis of CNBr-cleavage fragment CB3.