Ehrenmorde im türkischen Strafrecht

Die Zahl der Ehrenmorde in der Türkei hat in den letzten Jahren deutlich zugenommen. Mit einer Strafrechtsreform im Juni 2005 hat der türkische Gesetzgeber bewusst den Begriff des "moralischen Motivs" als qualifizierendes Merkmal des Totschlags ins Gesetz aufgenommen. Danach wird das Strafmaß des Totschlägers, der einen moralischen Mord begeht, erhöht. Auch wenn diese Neuregelung zu begrüßen ist, gibt es seit langem Unstimmigkeiten in Rechtsprechung und Literatur. Insbesondere wurde ein qualifizierter Totschlag in Fällen, in denen die Tötung des Opfers nicht durch einen Familienratsbeschluss beschlossen wurde, nicht berücksichtigt. Darüber hinaus hat es in diesen Fällen eine Strafmilderung wegen ungerechtfertigter Provokation angewandt, die bei Sittenmorden nicht anwendbar ist. Um eine fehlerhafte Anwendung der Milderungsregel zu vermeiden, sollte der Gesetzgeber den Begriff des Ehrenmotivs als Qualifikationsgrund ausdrücklich regeln.

Das menschliche Leben im modernen Medizinstrafrecht

Die Autonomie des Patienten ist in Slowenien ein sehr modernes Thema im materiellen Strafrecht. 2008 kam mit der Verabschiedung des neuen Gesetzes über die Rechte von Patienten sowie mit der Verabschiedung eines grundlegend überarbeiteten Strafgesetzbuchs das Prinzip der Autonomie des Patienten und auch das neu formulierte Prinzip der "offenen Zukunft des Kindes" eine offensichtliche Ableitung der Autonomie eines Menschen in die slowenische Gesetzgebung. Der strafrechtliche Schutz des menschlichen Lebens änderte sich in Richtung mehr Autonomie der Person, die den Wunsch oder das Verlangen hat zu Sterben. Es gab auch einige Änderungen im strafrechtlichen Umgang mit dem ungeborenen menschlichen Leben. Euthanasie wurde jedoch nicht ins Gesetz aufgenommen.

Effect of Partner’s Death on Companies

The death of a partner has important legal consequences on the company’s shareholding structure in companies comprised of a community of people. According to Turkish law of succession, the succession shares of the deceased partner pass to his successors. In some companies, this change in shareholding structure does not cause any changes, while in others it results in dissolution of the company. These legal consequences, which vary according to type of the company upon death, are separately anayzed in our study.

Criminal Offences Against Life in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Slovenia

Crimes against life are regulated together with crimes against body in Chapter Fifteen of the Criminal Code. The object of criminal law protection is life of a human being. Life of a human being as the most important good protected by criminal law is also protected in cases where the death of an injured party occurs as a result of a crime whose primary object of protection is another good. Fortunately, there are not many criminal offences against life in the Republic of Slovenia. The author finds the regulation of crimes against life to be appropriate. Infanticide is an exception. Infanticide as a privileged form of the crime of manslaughter should, in view of the author, be eliminated, as today circumstances that have guided the legislator in defining a privileged form of manslaughter no longer exist.

Parricidium and the Penalty of the Sack

The author examines the crime of parricide, its legal regulation, and the penalty of the sack. It belonged to the Roman tradition for a manifest perpetrator who confessed his crime. Those who were sentenced in a jury trial were exiled according to the lex Cornelia de siccariis and probably also under the lex Pompeia de parriciddis. Under Constantine the penalty of the sack became a regular sanction laid down for parricide. The exact way it was carried out was not prescribed but was subject to the circumstances and possibilities.

Consequences of Crimes Against Life for the Order of Succession

In addition to sanctions stipulated by criminal law, an offender who commits a crime against life could also be facing civil-law consequences, including the loss of succession rights. These consequences are justified upon the basic principle that no offender should be allowed to benefit or enrich themselves by their criminal actions. Slovenian legislation regulates two legal institutions that are intended to punish the offender for committing a criminal offence against the decedent or their relatives; the unworthiness to inherit and disinheritance. The realisation of these concepts is essentially the question of determining the limits of two conflicting rights, the right of the heir to inherit from the decedent and the decedent's freedom of testation. The article will examine the nature of both concepts, the requirements under which they may be applied, as well as the implications for the offender and for the order of succession.

Attempt and Crimes Against Life and Limb

When dealing with attempts to commit a crime against life and limb, it is not always easy to distinguish between mere preparatory conduct and criminal attempt. This contribution seeks to first outline some issues which arise when trying to set a clear demarcation line between those two phases of iter criminis. In the second part, the search for suitable differentiation theories in Slovene criminal legal doctrine is briefly outlined, while the third part seeks to establish that the individual-objective theory of differentiation can further help us to distinguishing between different steps (“acts”) of the perpetrators conduct. What is more, it is argued that the individual-objective theory can be a useful tool for distinguishing between essential and nonessential steps. In the final part of this contribution, author warns that the individual-objective criteria should not be abused as an instrument for arbitrary extension of criminal attempts towards the field of (decriminalized) preparatory conduct.

Vulnerabilität von älteren Personen – ausgewählte Aspekte

Heutzutage sind wir Zeugen intensiver demografischer Veränderung. Die Bevölkerung wird älter und ältere Personen werden häufig als Belastung in der Gesellschaft angesehen. Ältere Personen sind erst in den letzten Jahren als eine besonders verletzliche Gesellschaftsgruppe im Menschenrechtsschutzsystem sichtbar geworden und wurden als Rechteträger wahrgenommen. Im Beitrag werden Ausgangspunkte der Altersdiskriminierung, in Verbindung mit ausgewählten Gesichtspunkten der Rechtsstellung, der älteren Personen, in der internationalen und slowenischen Perspektive, in den Mittelpunkt gestellt.

Forcible medical intervention as a violation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights

The European Court of Human Rights has on multiple occasions considered the question of whether an act of forcible medical intervention constituted a violation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It found that it did not if the applicant could not prove he dissented to the medical intervention being carried out, if the act was one of medical necessity or if the medical intervention was necessary for obtaining evidence for use in criminal proceedings. However, national authorities must follow strict rules both in the determination of whether forcible medical intervention will be carried out and in its methods of execution.

Crimes Against Human Life in Turkish Penal Code

Human life is one of the most important values protected by law. Crimes and punishments are legitimate and essential tools necessary to protect such values. Although most crimes concerned with the protection of human life are organized in the Turkish Penal Code, other regulations serving the same purpose do exist as well in other codes. It is not open to discussion that intentional crimes require heavier penalty than negligent ones and damage-causing crimes than life-threatening ones. According to the Turkish Penal Code, life exists when a person is born healthy and alive and perishes with that person’s death. Although birth and death have their own proof procedures and means in separate private law rules, no such rules are in fact regulated in Criminal Law. In Turkish Law the embryo and fetus are not considered as a human entity. The crime of killing a newborn baby within the frame of honor killing does not exist in Turkish law. Furthermore, killing people in the name of customs or vendetta is a crime frequently encountered in Turkey. Turkish legislation punishes all kinds of aid to suicide as well. Finally, death penalty does not exist in the Turkish legal system.