Pulp Washing With FMC Inline Extractors

The importance of this development to the citrus industry need not be further discussed as all of you are well aware of financial advantage possible through pulp washing. Paper published with permission.

Fundamentals of Glass Handling

Since you have been kind enough to include me in your conference program, I feel it in order to make clear what my activities on behalf of Owens-Illinois have to do with your areas of responsibility in the citrus industry. For better than 30 years, I have been a part of a department in the Glass Container Division of Owens-Illinois whose responsibility is to concern itself with problems that relate to the use or performance of what we make. This operation handles customer problems relating to product preservation and container handling. In addition, we design, build, lease and occasionally sell specialized glass packing equipment. Paper published with permission.

Pulp Wash System Development

The use of pulp wash as an aid in the production of citrus juice has gained acceptance since 1957. Earlier use is known, but real recognition seemed to await a certain period in the development of frozen orange juice concentrate, and a freeze. The history of this product could be divided into three time periods each approximately equal. The first period of time was certainly formative in which the product enjoyed all of the advantages of novelty. The second period of time was characterized by increasing competition and need for lowering costs. This required that the plants measure the fruit in terms of pounds of soluble solids and that they recover as product all that could be had without an unquestionable damage to quality. The demand for more recovery of the soluble solids exceeded the capability of any mechanical finishing equipment to distinguish between the juice left on a quite dry pulp and the pulp, which still had good juice on it. This brought about fresh thinking and new processing ideas, including one of gently rinsing the juice from a wet pulp. This became known as “Pulp Wash” and was developed during the third period of time. Paper published with permission.

Application of Centrifuges in the Recovery of Citrus Flavor Fractions

In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the use of centrifugals in the Citrus Industry. Centrifuges have been adapted to applications for pulp control in the production of fresh juice, in pulp reduction of the pulp wash and for control of the pulp level in the juice being fed to the evaporating system. Paper published with permission.

Fundamentals of Heat Transfer Applicable to the Citrus Industry

With the present trend toward increasing output, raising efficiency and improving design in order to do the most with available materials, the problem of heat transfer and a better understanding of it has become an important one. While other techniques may tell one how much heat has to be transferred (or prevented from being transferred), heat transfer principles tell whether it is possible and, if possible, how to do it. Paper published with permission.

Research to Improve Methods for the Determination of Pounds-Solids

While the expression “pounds-solids” is understood by most people in the citrus industry, it is just possible that a specific definition at the beginning of this presentation will be helpful. Pounds-solids is the term used to express the amount of sugar in oranges. This should not be confused with soluble solids which is an expression of the percentage of sugar in the juice. The percentage of soluble solids, or Brix, multiplied by the amount of juice-yield gives pounds of solids. The reason for determining such a figure is to establish an equitable and basic measurement of fruit quality over which the buyer and seller may bargain as to the value. The results are based on sampling and any practical sampling system must be built around the law of probability. Therefore, to a large degree, the over-all program is one of statistics combined with good, sound engineering design. Now that the term pounds-solids has been clearly defined and related to the citrus industry, let us go back and see why, and how, this whole thing came about. Paper published with permission.

Integral Rivet Easy Open Ends

The January, 1964, issue of Market Horizons, a publication of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, summed up one of today’s most exciting challenges with the delightful understatement, “Consumers are requiring the food trades to perform more services.” One of the most important of these mushrooming services is the development of more and better convenience packaging for the consumer who today demands and is willing to pay for easy-to-handle and easy-to-open packages. Because of this market for convenience packaging, plus a host of new products that demand better packaging protection and better merchandising characteristics, the packaging industry is going through another technological revolution. Paper published with permission.