Khitan (Liao) Empire

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Morris Rossabi
Keyword(s):  
Liao Empire

Two Rhyming Mongolic Words in Kitan Assembled Script

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-684
Keyword(s):  
Writing Systems ◽  
Bird Of Prey ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liao Empire

This note discusses the reading, the meaning and the history of two Mongolic words, šawa ‘bird of prey’ and čala ‘stone’ of the Kitan language written in the second of the two writing systems of the Kitan Liao Empire, the assembled, or composite, or as commonly called, ‘small’ script.

Perceptions of Liao urban landscapes. Political practices and nomadic empires

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Lin
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Landscape Approach ◽  
Sacred Places ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Spatial Strategies ◽  
Settlement Location ◽  
New Form ◽  
Liao Empire

AbstractIn traditional models, nomadic empires are often depicted as ‘parasitic’ on the neighbouring sedentary polities. Inspired by the development of anthropologies and archaeologies of colonialism, this paper adopts the political-landscape approach to address the emerging steppe urbanism of the nomadic Liao Empire. Perceptions of Liao urban landscapes are discussed from six viewpoints – settlement location, city walls, architectural orientation, camping sites, spatial segregation and sacred places – in order to understand the political practices of city making. I argue that the nomadic Khitan did not simply emulate spatial strategies of settled agricultural polities in the heartland of China, but rather produced a radically new form of urbanism that was brought forth as one of the creative instruments constitutive of authority, formed and transformed in the process of nomadic empire building in which traditions of nomadic pastoralism with ties to eastern Eurasia were manipulated and remade along with Chinese urban planning.

scholarly journals What Was in the “Precious Casket Seal”?: Material Culture of the Karaṇḍamudrā Dhāraṇī throughout Medieval Maritime Asia

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Seunghye Lee
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
East Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Buddhist Practice ◽  
Medieval China ◽  
Liao Empire ◽  
Material Evidence

Material evidence from late medieval China attests that Buddhist of the Wuyue kingdom and Liao empire participated in the pan-Buddhist practice of dhāraṇīs and, more specifically, the cult of textual relics. What formed the basis of the cult is the Sūtra of theDhāraṇī of the Precious Casket Seal of the Concealed Complete-body Relics of the Essence of All Tathāgatas. I argue that the rhetoric of completeness, which is brought to the fore in the sutra’s title and reiterated throughout the text, lay at the heart of the success that it achieved. I trace the transfer of the text from South Asia to East Asia along the maritime routes, while closely examining designs and material forms, and various structuring contexts of the text. By doing so, I contribute to the scholarship on the cult of dhāraṇīs as relics of the dharma across Buddhist Asia.

scholarly journals A BUDDHIST NARRATIVE SCENE FROM THE HELSINKI MUSEUM: A MEDIEVAL BELT MOUNT (MINUSINSK DEPRESSION)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г.Г. Король
Keyword(s):  
Production Technology ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
National Board ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Religious Significance ◽  
Symbolic Images ◽  
Unique Item ◽  
Liao Empire

Вводится в научный оборот ременная концевая накладка, изготовленная из бронзы, с позолотой, хранящаяся в Музейном ведомстве Финляндии (Хельсинки) в составе коллекции древностей из Минусинской котловины И. П. Товостина. Предмет уникален декором – сюжетным изображением буддийского мифологического содержания. Аналогии сюжету неизвестны. Рассмотрены аналогии иконографическим деталям изображения, приведены интерпретации смыслового наполнения символических образов. Сюжет носит благопожелательный характер, изначально, возможно, имел и более глубокий религиозный смысл. На основе особенностей технологии изготовления предмет отнесен к изделиям киданьского круга (империя Ляо) и условно датирован X – началом XI в. A bronze-gilt belt mount kept in the Finland’s National Board of Antiquities (Helsinki) from I. P. Tovostin’s collection of antiquities from the Minusinsk Depression is introduced into scientific discourse. It is a unique item because of its decoration featuring a narrative scene related to a Buddhist myth (Fig. 1). No analogies to this narrative scene are known. The paper examines analogies to the iconographic elements of the scene (Fig. 2; 3), and provides interpretation of the meaning of symbolic images. The narrative scene is benevolent in its character and initially might have had a more religious significance. Based on the distinctive features of the production technology, the item has been attributed to the artifacts of the Khitan circle (Liao Empire) and tentatively dated to the 10th – early 11th centuries.

VARIETY OF SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSIONS ON THE ETHNOGENESIS OF THE КHITAN PEOPLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Jakhongir Y. Ergashev ◽  
◽  
Jasur L. Latipov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Far East ◽  
Early History ◽  
East China ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liao Empire

The article scientifically examines the origins of the Khitan tribes in the early Middle Ages and various views on this issue in historical sources. It also discusses the early history of the Khitan people and the factors of socio-political events that took place in the Far East at that time. The article also provides a scientific analysis of the scientific considerations put forward by various scientists. This article also contains anthropological, linguistic and other evidence of the origin of the Khitan tribes.Index Terms: migration of peoples, Far East, China, ethnogenesis, Chinese, Liao Empire, Karahitai, eight tribes, three kingdoms of Korea, ethnonym “Tsidan”, chronicles, Sunnu tribal union, Xianbin tribal union, Yuwen, Kumosi, mujun, struggle, Sun dynasty, historian Wuyang Xu, Siberian Mongoloid race, Muslim historians

The Khitan Names of the Five Capitals

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-124
Author(s):  
András Róna-Tas
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
General Context ◽  
Cultural Interest ◽  
Liao Empire ◽  
East West

Abstract This paper surveys the Khitan names of the so-called “Five Capitals” of the Liao empire (907–1125). In this connection, the lexemes denoting the compass points (north, south, east, west) and related expressions of orientation (right, left, centre) are examined in the light of the information supplied by the relevant historical context and the extant corpus of Khitan Small Script texts. In addition, the dynastic name of the Liao empire is also discussed. The discussion reveals several previously unobserved details of linguistic, philological, historical, and cultural interest, and allows the Khitan system of orientation to be placed in the general context of comparative Mongolic studies.

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