Author(s):  
Masajuki Ivata

The paper consists of three parts. The first part discusses the socialist thought and practice, the second the theory of crisis in the economy with centralized planning, and at the end the author analyses the role of dollar black market in the planned economy in Poland. The first part has the following structure: Four methodological fields of research Socio-experimental cycles; Consumed legitimacy; Anorganic dictatorship versus the organic dictatorship; MPC triangle (market - plan - compromise) as the 20th century heritage. The second part investigates the conditions for the balance in planned economy, functional and non-functional processes in planned economy and finally the failure of planned economy. The third part discusses the issue of the relation between the black market course of dollar and the balance levels of domestic (in this case - Polish) planned prices.


2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
John G. Kilgour

Traditional employer-sponsored defined-benefit pension plans in the private sector that provided lifetime benefits have declined precipitously since 1985. They have been largely replaced by Section 401(k) plans in which investment control, market risk and longevity risk have been transferred from the employer to the participant. Most participants opted for the low-yielding money market plan default option, which proved inadequate for providing viable retirement income. The Pension Reform Act of 2006 made two important changes to 401(k) plans: (1) allowed automatic enrollment and (2) allowed target-date funds as a “qualified default investment alternative.” This article examines the evolution from defined-benefit pensions to target-date funds and the closely related collective investment trusts.


The importance of defining how to go-to-market is described in this chapter. Go-to-market (GTM) is the final step in the innovation process. It is the time of making money. The first part of the go-to-market plan (what is the target?) needs to be defined in your company's value proposition. Who will buy what the company sells? Why is the product or service better than the competition? The second part (how to hit the target?) can be built with a go-to-market plan. This plan is a roadmap for deciding how the entrepreneur will enter the market. What will be the price of the product, how many people will the sales team need, through which channels will the product be sold? One critical thing in the innovation is to understand if the time is right. For that, this chapter proposes a simple method using Porter's five forces.


1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Robert J. Braun
Keyword(s):  

2009 ◽  
pp. 95-122
Author(s):  
Andrew Lester
Keyword(s):  

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