In direct numerical simulations (DNS) of multiphase flows it is frequently found that features much smaller than the “dominant” flow scales emerge. Those features consist of thin films, filaments, drops, and boundary layers, and usually surface tension is strong so the geometry is simple. Inertia effects are also small so the flow is simple and often there is a clear separation of scales between those features and the rest of the flow. Thus it is often possible to describe the evolution of this flow by analytical models. Here we discuss two examples of the use of analytical models to account for small-scale features in DNS of multiphase flows. For the flow in the film beneath a drop sliding down a sloping wall we capture the evolution of films that are too thin to be accurately resolved using a grid that is sufficient for the rest of the flow by a thin film model. The other example is the mass transfer from a gas bubbly rising in a liquid. Since diffusion of mass is much slower than the diffusion of momentum, the mass transfer boundary layer is very thin and can be captured by a simple boundary layer model.
Effect of residual stresses on the crack-tip constraint in a modified boundary layer model
