scholarly journals Comparative Anatomy, Evolution, and Homologies of Tetrapod Hindlimb Muscles, Comparison with Forelimb Muscles, and Deconstruction of the Forelimb-Hindlimb Serial Homology Hypothesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 297 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Diogo ◽  
Julia Molnar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Serial Homology ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Forelimb Muscles

Geographical variation in limb muscle mass of the Andrew’s toad (Bufo andrewsi)

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Nan Yang ◽  
Xiao Fu Huang ◽  
Mao Jun Zhong ◽  
Wen Bo Liao
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Flexor Carpi Radialis ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Forelimb Muscles ◽  
Bufo Andrewsi ◽  
Extensor Carpi Radialis

Muscles are vital for the process of movement, mating and escape of predators in amphibians. During evolution, the morphological and genetic characteristics as well as the size of muscles in species will change to adapt different environments. Theory predicts that low male-male competition in high-altitude/latitude selects for small limb muscles. Here, we used the Andrew’s toad (Bufo andrewsi) as a model animal to test this prediction by analyzing geographical variation in the mass of limb muscles across nine populations from the Hengduan Mountains in China. Inconsistent with the prediction, we found that latitude and altitude did not affect the relative mass of total combined limb muscles and mass of combined hindlimb muscles among populations. Meanwhile, the relative mass of combined forelimb muscles, the two forelimb muscles (flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis) and the four hindlimb muscles (e.g. biceps femoris, semimebranous, semitendinosus and peroneus) was lowest in middle latitude and largest in low latitude whereas gracilis minor was largest in high latitudes. However, we did not find any correlations between the two forelimb muscles and the four hindlimb muscles and altitude. Our findings suggest that combined forelimb muscles, flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis, biceps femoris, semimebranous, semitendinosus and peroneus are largest in low latitudes due to pressures of mate competition.

scholarly journals A Logical Model of Homology for Comparative Biology

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-362
Author(s):  
Paula M Mabee ◽  
James P Balhoff ◽  
Wasila M Dahdul ◽  
Hilmar Lapp ◽  
Christopher J Mungall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Homology Model ◽  
Comparative Biology ◽  
Search Term ◽  
Morphology Evolution ◽  
Query Term ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Serial Homology ◽  
Homology Relationship ◽  
Computational Reasoning

Abstract There is a growing body of research on the evolution of anatomy in a wide variety of organisms. Discoveries in this field could be greatly accelerated by computational methods and resources that enable these findings to be compared across different studies and different organisms and linked with the genes responsible for anatomical modifications. Homology is a key concept in comparative anatomy; two important types are historical homology (the similarity of organisms due to common ancestry) and serial homology (the similarity of repeated structures within an organism). We explored how to most effectively represent historical and serial homology across anatomical structures to facilitate computational reasoning. We assembled a collection of homology assertions from the literature with a set of taxon phenotypes for the skeletal elements of vertebrate fins and limbs from the Phenoscape Knowledgebase. Using seven competency questions, we evaluated the reasoning ramifications of two logical models: the Reciprocal Existential Axioms (REA) homology model and the Ancestral Value Axioms (AVA) homology model. The AVA model returned all user-expected results in addition to the search term and any of its subclasses. The AVA model also returns any superclass of the query term in which a homology relationship has been asserted. The REA model returned the user-expected results for five out of seven queries. We identify some challenges of implementing complete homology queries due to limitations of OWL reasoning. This work lays the foundation for homology reasoning to be incorporated into other ontology-based tools, such as those that enable synthetic supermatrix construction and candidate gene discovery. [Homology; ontology; anatomy; morphology; evolution; knowledgebase; phenoscape.]

No sexual dimorphism in limb muscles of a frog not engaging in amplexus

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-405
Author(s):  
Lixia Zhang ◽  
Yunyun Zhao ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Xin Lu ◽  
Xiaohong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Scramble Competition ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Limb Muscle ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Forelimb Muscles ◽  
And Function

Sexual dimorphism in limb muscles is widespread among anurans, with males having stronger limbs than females. This phenomenon has been interpreted in the context of intrasexual selection: 1) the robust forelimb muscles in males are associated with amplexus, in which the male tries to grasp the female tightly, and also with rejection of rivals’ attempts at taking over, and 2) massive hindlimb muscles favor the ability to kick away rivals during scramble competition. However, in a few species, fertilization occurs without any form of amplexus and in these species the limb muscle dimorphism is expected to be absent. We tested this prediction inFeirana taihangnicus: a species without amplexus. As expected, we detected non-significant sexual differences in the mass of both forelimb and hindlimb muscles after accounting for body size and age. Our findings represent an interesting example of coevolution of form and function.

scholarly journals A logical model of homology for comparative biology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Mabee ◽  
James P. Balhoff ◽  
Wasila M. Dahdul ◽  
Hilmar Lapp ◽  
Christopher J. Mungall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Homology Model ◽  
Comparative Biology ◽  
Search Term ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Serial Homology ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Computational Reasoning

AbstractThere is a growing body of research on the evolution of anatomy in a wide variety of organisms. Discoveries in this field could be greatly accelerated by computational methods and resources that enable these findings to be compared across different studies and different organisms and linked with the genes responsible for anatomical modifications. Homology is a key concept in comparative anatomy; two important types are historical homology (the similarity of organisms due to common ancestry) and serial homology (the similarity of repeated structures within an organism). We explored how to most effectively represent historical and serial homology across anatomical structures to facilitate computational reasoning. We assembled a collection of homology assertions from the literature with a set of taxon phenotypes for vertebrate fins and limbs from the Phenoscape Knowledgebase (KB). Using six competency questions, we evaluated the reasoning ramifications of two logical models: the Reciprocal Existential Axioms Homology Model (REA) and the Ancestral Value Axioms Homology Model (AVA). Both models returned the user-expected results for all but one historical homology query and all serial homology queries. Additionally, for each competency question, the AVA model returns the search term and any subtypes. We identify some challenges of implementing complete homology queries due to limitations of OWL reasoning. This work lays the foundation for homology reasoning to be incorporated into other ontology-based tools, such as those that enable synthetic supermatrix construction and candidate gene discovery.

scholarly journals Locomotor function shapes the passive mechanical properties and operating lengths of muscle

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1783) ◽  
pp. 20132914 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Locomotor Function ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Vertebrate Muscle ◽  
Locomotor Muscles ◽  
Forelimb Muscles

Locomotor muscles often perform diverse roles, functioning as motors that produce mechanical energy, struts that produce force and brakes that dissipate mechanical energy. In many vertebrate muscles, these functions are not mutually exclusive and a single muscle often performs a range of mechanically diverse tasks. This functional diversity has obscured the relationship between a muscle's locomotor function and its mechanical properties. I use hopping in toads as a model system for comparing muscles that primarily produce mechanical energy with muscles that primarily dissipate mechanical energy. During hopping, hindlimb muscles undergo active shortening to produce mechanical energy and propel the animal into the air, whereas the forelimb muscles undergo active lengthening to dissipate mechanical energy during landing. Muscles performing distinct mechanical functions operate on different regions of the force–length curve. These findings suggest that a muscle's operating length may be shaped by potential trade-offs between force production and sarcomere stability. In addition, the passive force–length properties of hindlimb and forelimb muscles vary, suggesting that passive stiffness functions to restrict the muscle's operating length in vivo . These results inform our understanding of vertebrate muscle variation by providing a clear link between a muscle's locomotor function and its mechanical properties.

scholarly journals The functional and comparative anatomy of the forelimb muscles in the sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus )

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent Adrian ◽  
Michael Barton ◽  
Samuel Y. Tang ◽  
Rebecca E. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Helarctos Malayanus ◽  
Forelimb Muscles ◽  
Sun Bear

Floral Vascular Comparative Anatomy ofStellaria mediaandMyosoton aquaticumand its Systematic Significance

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Zu-Ren LI ◽  
Nan HU ◽  
Ji-Gang YANG ◽  
Bing YANG ◽  
Hai-Min LIAO
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Systematic Significance

Serial Homology as a Challenge to Evolutionary Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Serial Homology ◽  
The Core ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Colonial Theory ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Development And Evolution

The problem of the repeated parts of organisms was at the center of the biological sciences as early as the first decades of the 19th century. Some concepts and theories (e.g., serial homology, unity of plan, or colonial theory) introduced in order to explain the similarity as well as the differences between the repeated structures of an organism were reused throughout the 19th and the 20th century, in spite of the fundamental changes during this long period that saw the diffusion of the evolutionary theory, the rise of experimental approaches, and the emergence of new fields and disciplines. Interestingly, this conceptual heritage was at the core of any attempt to unify the problems of inheritance, development, and evolution, in particular in the last decades, with the rise of “evo-devo.” This chapter examines the conditions of this theoretical continuity and the challenges it brings out for the current evolutionary sciences.

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