scholarly journals Contamination and harm relevant UCS-expectancy bias in spider phobic individuals: influence of treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 510-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark van Overveld ◽  
Peter J. de Jong ◽  
Jorg Huijding ◽  
Madelon L. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Expectancy Bias

Expectancy bias as sole or partial account of selective associations?

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Mineka ◽  
Michael Cook
Keyword(s):  
Causal Analysis ◽  
Prior Exposure ◽  
Expectancy Bias ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractDavey reviews evidence purporting to distinguish between two accounts of selective associations – expectancy bias and evolved predispositions, although these hypotheses largely apply to different levels of causal analysis. Criticisms of primate studies in which subjects lack prior exposure to stimuli seem uncompelling. Expectancies may sometimes serve as proximal mediators in selective associations, but other factors, both proximate and ultimate, are clearly also involved.

scholarly journals A Systematic Study of Microdosing Psychedelics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vince Polito ◽  
Dick stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Expectancy Bias ◽  
Psychometric Measures

The phenomenon of ‘microdosing’, that is, regular ingestion of very small quantities of psychedelic substances, has seen a rapid explosion of popularity in recent years. Individuals who microdose report minimal acute effects from these substances yet claim a range of long-term general health and wellbeing benefits. There have been no published empirical studies of microdosing and the current legal and bureaucratic climate makes direct empirical investigation of the effects of psychedelics difficult. In Study One we conducted a systematic, observational investigation of individuals who microdose. We tracked the experiences of 98 microdosing participants, who provided daily ratings of psychological functioning over a six week period. 63 of these additionally completed a battery of psychometric measures tapping mood, attention, wellbeing, mystical experiences, personality, creativity, and sense of agency, at baseline and at completion of the study. Analyses of daily ratings revealed a general increase in reported psychological functioning across all measures on dosing days but limited evidence of residual effects on following days. Analyses of pre and post study measures revealed reductions in reported levels of depression and stress; lower levels of distractibility; increased absorption; and increased neuroticism. To better understand these findings, in Study Two we investigated pre-existing beliefs and expectations about the effects of microdosing in a sample of 263 naïve and experienced microdosers, so as to gauge expectancy bias. All participants believed that microdosing would have large and wide-ranging benefits in contrast to the limited outcomes reported by actual microdosers. Notably, the effects believed most likely to change were unrelated to the observed pattern of reported outcomes. The current results suggest that dose controlled empirical research on the impacts of microdosing on mental health and attentional capabilities are needed.

Why are phobias irrational?

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-303
Author(s):  
Peter F. Lovibond ◽  
David A. T. Siddle ◽  
Nigel W. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Expectancy Bias ◽  
Clear Explanation

AbstractWe endorse Davey's view that expectancy processes are intimately involved in fear reactions, but question his model on three grounds. First, the mechanism for generating expectancy bias to both ontogenetic and phylogenetic stimuli is not spelled out. Second, the selective association component is unnecessary. Third, the model fails to provide a clear explanation for the irrationality of phobic reactions.

A priori expectancy bias in patients with panic disorder

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 401-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Wiedemann ◽  
P Pauli ◽  
W Dengler
Keyword(s):  
Panic Disorder ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Expectancy Bias

Language Use and Stereotyping: the Role of Approach and Avoidance Motivation Goals

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1210-1221
Author(s):  
Lorena Gil de Montes ◽  
Garbiñe Ortiz ◽  
José F. Valencia ◽  
Maider Larrañaga ◽  
Arrate Agirrezabal
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Orientation ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Expectancy Bias ◽  
Communication Goals ◽  
Linguistic Abstraction ◽  
Approach And Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Answer Format

The use of more abstract language to describe expected behaviors as opposed to unexpected behaviors has traditionally been considered a way of stereotype maintenance. This tendency is known as linguistic expectancy bias. Two experiments examined the influence of approach and avoidance motivational orientations on the production of this linguistic expectancy bias. It was predicted that approach strategic orientation is likely to describe expectancy consistent behaviors at a higher level of linguistic abstraction than expectancy inconsistent behaviors. In contrast, avoidance strategic orientation is likely to describe both expectancy consistent behaviors and expectancy inconsistent behaviors at a lower level of linguistic abstraction, thus facilitating the disappearance of linguistic expectancy bias. Two experiments confirmed these expectations, using strategic orientation manipulations based either on communication goals or on motor action, and measuring linguistic abstraction either on forced-choice answer format or on free descriptions. Implications for the generalisation of linguistic expectancy bias are discussed.

No convincing evidence for a biological preparedness explanation of phobias

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. de Jong ◽  
Harald Merckelbach
Keyword(s):  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Expectancy Bias ◽  
Bias Model ◽  
Nonrandom Distribution

The nonrandom distribution of fears is not as clearly related to phylogenetically survival relevance as preparedness theory seems to imply. Although delayed extinction reflects some of the best human evidence for preparedness, even this phenomenon is not as robust as it once seemed to be. Apart from the evidence reviewed by Davey, recent studies from our laboratory provide further evidence for an expectancy bias model of selective associations.

On the Psychology of Watching Birds: The Problem of Observer-Expectancy Bias

The Auk ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Balph ◽  
Martha Hatch Balph
Keyword(s):  
Expectancy Bias

The merits of an experimentally testable model of phobias

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham C. L. Davey
Keyword(s):  
Expectancy Bias ◽  
Human Conditioning ◽  
Testable Model

A series of arguments are presented by De Jong & Merckelbach which suggest that biological preparedness has been received significantly less critically than it should have been. I agree fully with their assessment. Cuthbert raises four questions about the applicability of the expectancy bias hypothesis to selective associations in human conditioning. This response argues that none of these four examples is necessarily problematic for the hypothesis.

scholarly journals Threat expectancy bias and treatment outcome in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puck Duits ◽  
Mieke Klein Hofmeijer-Sevink ◽  
Iris M. Engelhard ◽  
Johanna M.P. Baas ◽  
Wieske A.M. Ehrismann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Expectancy Bias
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