scholarly journals Anther‐smut fungi from more contaminated sites in Chernobyl show lower infection ability and lower viability following experimental irradiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 6409-6420
Author(s):  
Sylvie Arnaise ◽  
Jacqui A. Shykoff ◽  
Anders P. Møller ◽  
Timothy A. Mousseau ◽  
Tatiana Giraud
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Anther Smut

scholarly journals Cophylogeny of the anther smut fungi and their caryophyllaceous hosts: Prevalence of host shifts and importance of delimiting parasite species for inferring cospeciation

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guislaine Refrégier ◽  
Mickaël Le Gac ◽  
Florian Jabbour ◽  
Alex Widmer ◽  
Jacqui A Shykoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Species ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Host Shifts ◽  
Anther Smut

scholarly journals Evolutionary strata on young mating-type chromosomes despite the lack of sexual antagonism

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (27) ◽  
pp. 7067-7072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Branco ◽  
Hélène Badouin ◽  
Ricardo C. Rodríguez de la Vega ◽  
Jérôme Gouzy ◽  
Fantin Carpentier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Sexual Antagonism ◽  
Recombination Suppression ◽  
Ancestral Gene ◽  
Anther Smut ◽  
Mating Type Genes ◽  
Suppressed Recombination

Sex chromosomes can display successive steps of recombination suppression known as “evolutionary strata,” which are thought to result from the successive linkage of sexually antagonistic genes to sex-determining genes. However, there is little evidence to support this explanation. Here we investigate whether evolutionary strata can evolve without sexual antagonism using fungi that display suppressed recombination extending beyond loci determining mating compatibility despite lack of male/female roles associated with their mating types. By comparing full-length chromosome assemblies from five anther-smut fungi with or without recombination suppression in their mating-type chromosomes, we inferred the ancestral gene order and derived chromosomal arrangements in this group. This approach shed light on the chromosomal fusion underlying the linkage of mating-type loci in fungi and provided evidence for multiple clearly resolved evolutionary strata over a range of ages (0.9–2.1 million years) in mating-type chromosomes. Several evolutionary strata did not include genes involved in mating-type determination. The existence of strata devoid of mating-type genes, despite the lack of sexual antagonism, calls for a unified theory of sex-related chromosome evolution, incorporating, for example, the influence of partially linked deleterious mutations and the maintenance of neutral rearrangement polymorphism due to balancing selection on sexes and mating types.

Anther smut fungi on monocots

2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 1297-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bauer ◽  
Matthias Lutz ◽  
Dominik Begerow ◽  
Marcin Piątek ◽  
Kálmán Vánky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Anther Smut

scholarly journals First Report of Anther Smut Caused by Microbotryum violaceum on Forked Catchfly (Silene dichotoma) in Turkey

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-315
Author(s):  
D. Berner ◽  
B. Tunali
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Microbotryum Violaceum ◽  
Voucher Specimen ◽  
First Report ◽  
Anther Smut

Forked catchfly (Silene dichotoma Ehrh.), family Caryophyllaceae, is a common and native plant in rangelands and pastures in Turkey. It is also an introduced plant that is widely distributed in North America. In May of 2007, approximately 20 forked catchfly plants on the campus of Ondokuz Mayis University in Samsun, Turkey were found diseased with the anther smut fungus Microbotryum violaceum (Pers.:pers.) G. Deml & Oberw. (Basidiomycota, Microbotryomycetes, Microbotryales [3], Microbotryaceae). All anthers in all flowers of diseased plants were smutted. Diseased flowers were collected, air dried, and sent to the quarantine facility of the Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU), USDA/ARS, Fort Detrick, MD. Teliospores within the flowers were extracted and observed microscopically. Teliospores were globose, 6 to 9 μm (mean 6.5 μm) in diameter, pale violet, with reticulate walls, and matching the description of M. violaceum (4). Nucleotide sequences for the internal transcribed spacers (ITS 1 and 2) and 5.8S ribosomal region (GenBank Accession No. EU122308) were aligned with other sequences in GenBank with the BLAST algorithm. Sequences of this isolate aligned 99% with sequences of other isolates of M. violaceum, M. lychnidis-dioicae (A.P. de Candolle ex J.I. Liro) G. Deml & F. Oberwinkler, and M. silenes-inflatae (A.P. de Candolle ex J.I. Liro) G. Deml & F. Oberwinkler and clustered with other M. violaceum isolates. M. violaceum is an obligate parasite of many plant species in the Caryophyllaceae family, and the fungus has been widely studied as a model for population genetics and evolutionary biology (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. violaceum parasitizing forked catchfly in Turkey, and is the only report of this fungus-plant interaction in Asia Minor (1). The fungus has not been reported from this plant in North America (1). A voucher specimen has been deposited with the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 878235) and living spores are being maintained at FDWSRU. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. Online publication. ARS, USDA, 2007. (2) T. Giraud. Heredity 93:559, 2004. (3) D. S. Hibbett et al. Mycol. Res. 111:509, 2007. (4) K. Vánky. European Smut Fungi. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 1994.

scholarly journals Higher Gene Flow in Sex-Related Chromosomes than in Autosomes during Fungal Divergence

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 668-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny E Hartmann ◽  
Ricardo C Rodríguez de la Vega ◽  
Pierre Gladieux ◽  
Wen-Juan Ma ◽  
Michael E Hood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Fungal Mating ◽  
Anther Smut ◽  
Genomic Regions

Abstract Nonrecombining sex chromosomes are widely found to be more differentiated than autosomes among closely related species, due to smaller effective population size and/or to a disproportionally large-X effect in reproductive isolation. Although fungal mating-type chromosomes can also display large nonrecombining regions, their levels of differentiation compared with autosomes have been little studied. Anther-smut fungi from the Microbotryum genus are castrating pathogens of Caryophyllaceae plants with largely nonrecombining mating-type chromosomes. Using whole genome sequences of 40 fungal strains, we quantified genetic differentiation among strains isolated from the geographically overlapping North American species and subspecies of Silene virginica and S. caroliniana. We inferred that gene flow likely occurred at the early stages of divergence and then completely stopped. We identified large autosomal genomic regions with chromosomal inversions, with higher genetic divergence than the rest of the genomes and highly enriched in selective sweeps, supporting a role of rearrangements in preventing gene flow in genomic regions involved in ecological divergence. Unexpectedly, the nonrecombining mating-type chromosomes showed lower divergence than autosomes due to higher gene flow, which may be promoted by adaptive introgressions of less degenerated mating-type chromosomes. The fact that both mating-type chromosomes are always heterozygous and nonrecombining may explain such patterns that oppose to those found for XY or ZW sex chromosomes. The specific features of mating-type chromosomes may also apply to the UV sex chromosomes determining sexes at the haploid stage in algae and bryophytes and may help test general hypotheses on the evolutionary specificities of sex-related chromosomes.

scholarly journals Congruent population genetic structures and divergence histories in anther‐smut fungi and their host plants Silene italica and the Silene nutans species complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1154-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny E. Hartmann ◽  
Alodie Snirc ◽  
Amandine Cornille ◽  
Cécile Godé ◽  
Pascal Touzet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetic ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Anther Smut ◽  
Silene Nutans ◽  
Genetic Structures

scholarly journals Congruent population genetic structures and divergence histories in anther-smut fungi and their host plants Silene italica and the S. nutans species complex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny E. Hartmann ◽  
Alodie Snirc ◽  
Amandine Cornille ◽  
Cécile Godé ◽  
Pascal Touzet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Population Genetic Structure ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Glacial Refugia ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Anther Smut

AbstractThe study of population genetic structure congruence between hosts and pathogens gives important insights into their shared phylogeographic and coevolutionary histories. We studied the population genetic structure of castrating anther-smut fungi (Microbotryum genus) and of their host plants, the Silene nutans species complex, and the morphologically and genetically close S. italica, which can be found in sympatry. Phylogeographic population genetic structure related to persistence in separate glacial refugia has been recently revealed in the S. nutans plant species complex across Western Europe, identifying several distinct lineages. We genotyped 171 associated plant-pathogen pairs of anther-smut fungi and their host plant individuals using microsatellite markers and plant chloroplastic SNPs. We found clear differentiation between fungal populations parasitizing S. nutans and S. italica plants. The population genetic structure of fungal strains parasitizing the S. nutans plant species complex mirrored the host plant genetic structure, suggesting that the pathogen was isolated in glacial refugia together with its host and/or that it has specialized on the plant genetic lineages. Using random forest approximate Bayesian computation (ABC-RF), we found that the divergence history of the fungal lineages on S. nutans was congruent with the one previously inferred for the host plant and likely occurred with ancient but no recent gene flow. Genome sequences confirmed the genetic structure and the absence of recent gene flow between fungal genetic lineages. Our analyses of host-pathogen individual pairs contribute to a better understanding of co-evolutionary histories between hosts and pathogens in natural ecosystems, in which such studies are still scarce.

scholarly journals Gene Presence–Absence Polymorphism in Castrating Anther-Smut Fungi: Recent Gene Gains and Phylogeographic Structure

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1298-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny E Hartmann ◽  
Ricardo C Rodríguez de la Vega ◽  
Jean-Tristan Brandenburg ◽  
Fantin Carpentier ◽  
Tatiana Giraud
Keyword(s):  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Anther Smut

scholarly journals Resurgence of Less-Studied Smut Fungi as Models of Phytopathogenesis in the Omics Age

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1244-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su San Toh ◽  
Michael H. Perlin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Historical Importance ◽  
Anther Smut ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Classical Genetics

The smut fungi form a large, diverse, and nonmonophyletic group of plant pathogens that have long served as both important pests of human agriculture and, also, as fertile organisms of scientific investigation. As modern techniques of molecular genetic analysis became available, many previously studied species that proved refractive to these techniques fell by the wayside and were neglected. Now, as the advent of rapid and affordable next-generation sequencing provides genomic and transcriptomic resources for even these “forgotten” fungi, several species are making a comeback and retaking prominent places in phytopathogenic research. In this review, we highlight several of these smut fungi, with special emphasis on Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, an anther smut whose molecular genetic tools have finally begun to catch up with its historical importance in classical genetics and now provide mechanistic insights for ecological studies, evolution of host-pathogen interaction, and investigations of emerging infectious disease.

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