Development of a multi‐layered skin simulant for burn injury evaluation of protective fabrics exposed to low radiant heat

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Zhai ◽  
Fabrizio Spano ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
René M. Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Burn Injury ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Protective Fabrics

scholarly journals Experimental study on moisture transfer through firefighters' protective fabrics in radiant heat exposures

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1665-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Chen ◽  
Fanglong Zhu ◽  
Qianqian Feng ◽  
Kejing Li ◽  
Rangtong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Moisture Transfer ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Heat Radiation ◽  
Radiant Heat Flux ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Protective Fabrics ◽  
Protective Performance ◽  
Radiation Time

The effects of absorbed moisture on thermal protective performance of fire-fighters? clothing materials under radiant heat flux conditions were analyzed in this paper. A thermal protective performance tester and temperature sensor were used to measure the temperature variations for the facecloth side of four kinds of commonly used flame retardant fabrics in several radiant heat exposures, which varied in moisture content. Experimental results showed that, all of the temperature profiles of these four kinds of moistened fabrics under different radiant heat flux conditions presented the same variation trend. The addition of moisture had a positive influence on the thermal protective performance during the constant temperature period when heat radiation time was more than 60 seconds. As the heat radiation time increased beyond 500 seconds, the thermal protective performance of moistened fabrics became worse than that of dried fabrics in general.

Too Hot to Handle? Full-Thickness Burn Injury in a Child Caused by Cyanoacrylate Glue and Cotton—A Case Report and Experimental Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Jacques ◽  
Sonia Tran ◽  
Monique Bertinetti ◽  
Andrew J A Holland
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Exothermic Reaction ◽  
Skin Grafting ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Full Thickness ◽  
Cyanoacrylate Glue ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Education And Awareness

Abstract Domestic superglue (cyanoacrylate) in the hands of children can have devastating consequences, especially when cotton clothing is involved. When cotton comes into contact with cyanoacrylate, an intense exothermic reaction occurs, creating temperatures high enough to cause significant thermal injury. A literature review found 16 such cases of burns documented (2 adult and 14 pediatric). This article presents a case report of a 4-year-old child sustaining a full-thickness burn injury to her leg requiring skin grafting when superglue was spilt onto cotton pants. She was sitting near a fan heater at the time. An experiment was conducted to replicate the exothermic reaction between superglue and cotton and to determine if the addition of radiant heat would have any significant effect. The maximum temperature reached with one 3-g tube of superglue onto cotton pyjamas was 91°C (196°F) and occurred approximately 90 seconds postapplication. It took more than 3 minutes for the temperature to cool below 40°C (104°F). The addition of radiant heat from a fan heater placed 60 cm from the clothing found that the temperature peak was similarly reached and cooled, but the temperature did not reduce below 52°C (126°F) for over 20 minutes, proving that potential harm may be amplified if first aid is not appropriately sought. Product labeling and the knowledge of potential harm from such mechanism of injury remain inadequate. It is hoped that the reporting of this case contributes to an increase in public education and awareness of such dangers and may contribute to preventing avoidable future incidences.

Modeling Exposures of a Nylon-Cotton Fabric to High Radiant Heat Flux

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 155892501601100
Author(s):  
Thomas Godfrey ◽  
Margaret Auerbach ◽  
Gary Proulx ◽  
Pearl Yip ◽  
Michael Grady
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Transient Heat Conduction ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Face Modeling ◽  
Flaming Combustion

American soldiers and marines involved in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have suffered increased incidence of burn injury, often as a direct result of exposure to improvised explosive devices. In this work, a one dimensional numerical pyrolysis model for transient heat conduction, incorporating material transformations described by chemical kinetics, is used to investigate the response of the standard 230 g/m2 Army Combat Uniform (ACU) fabric to high radiant heat fluxes in short duration thermal protection tests and long duration cone calorimeter tests. Thermal protection tests are performed using a Thermal Barrier Test Apparatus–an automated device, incorporating a closed-loop controlled IR radiant heat source, automated water cooled shutter, a fabric sample holder, an adjustable stage with a water cooled Schmidt-Boelter heat flux gauge and a PC based data acquisition system. Cone calorimeter tests are performed on fabric specimens at an exposure heat flux of 25 kW/m2. In thermal protection tests involving exposures of 90 kW/m2 for five seconds and 77 kW/m2 for four seconds, modeling indicated that desorption and evaporation of moisture content has an important effect, but melting of the nylon component and material decomposition had insignificant effects on the heat flux transmitted through the fabric back face. Modeling results for cone testing exhibited good agreement for time to ignition and duration of flaming combustion.

scholarly journals Effect of radiant heat exposure on structure and mechanical properties of thermal protective fabrics

Polymer ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 123634
Author(s):  
Anjani K. Maurya ◽  
Sumit Mandal ◽  
Dean E. Wheeldon ◽  
Jean Schoeller ◽  
Michel Schmid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Protective Fabrics

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Fibre Reinforced Silica Aerogel Blankets for Thermal Protection

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Chakraborty ◽  
A. A. Pisal ◽  
V. K. Kothari ◽  
A. Venkateswara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Silica Aerogel ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Ammonium Fluoride ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Ambient Pressure Drying ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Fire Hazards

Using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the source of silica, fibre reinforced silica aerogels were synthesized via fast ambient pressure drying using methanol (MeOH), trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), and hexane. The molar ratio of TEOS/MeOH/(COOH)2/NH4F was kept constant at 1 : 38 : 3.73 × 10−5 : 0.023 and the gel was allowed to form inside the highly porous meta-aramid fibrous batting. The wet gel surface was chemically modified (silylation process) using various concentrations of TMCS in hexane in the range of 1 to 20% by volume. The fibre reinforced silica aerogel blanket was obtained subsequently through atmospheric pressure drying. The aerogel blanket samples were characterized by density, thermal conductivity, hydrophobicity (contact angle), and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The radiant heat resistance of the aerogel blankets was examined and compared with nonaerogel blankets. It has been observed that, compared to the ordinary nonaerogel blankets, the aerogel blankets showed a 58% increase in the estimated burn injury time and thus ensure a much better protection from heat and fire hazards. The effect of varying the concentration of TMCS on the estimated protection time has been examined. The improved thermal stability and the superior thermal insulation of the flexible aerogel blankets lead to applications being used for occupations that involve exposure to hazards of thermal radiation.

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