Reconciling the differences between top-down and bottom-up estimates of nitrous oxide emissions for the U.S. Corn Belt

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 746-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Griffis ◽  
X. Lee ◽  
J. M. Baker ◽  
M. P. Russelle ◽  
X. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Quantifying nitrous oxide emissions in the U.S. Midwest ‐ A top‐down study using high resolution airborne in situ observations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Eckl ◽  
Anke Roiger ◽  
Julian Kostinek ◽  
Alina Fiehn ◽  
Heidi Huntrieser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Top Down ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
The U.S

Magnitude and uncertainty of nitrous oxide emissions from North America based on bottom-up and top-down approaches: Informing future research and national inventories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongting Xu ◽  
Hanqin Tian ◽  
Naiqing Pan ◽  
Rona Louise Thompson ◽  
Josep G. Canadell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
North America ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

scholarly journals Quantifying nitrous oxide emissions in the U.S. Midwest - A top-down study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Eckl ◽  
Anke Roiger ◽  
Julian Kostinek ◽  
Alina Fiehn ◽  
Heidi Huntrieser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Quantifying nitrous oxide emissions in the U.S. Midwest - A top-down study using high resolution airborne in situ observations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Eckl ◽  
Anke Roiger ◽  
Julian Kostinek ◽  
Alina Fiehn ◽  
Heidi Huntrieser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Top Down ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Indirect nitrous oxide emissions from streams within the US Corn Belt scale with stream order

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (32) ◽  
pp. 9839-9843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Turner ◽  
Timothy J. Griffis ◽  
Xuhui Lee ◽  
John M. Baker ◽  
Rodney T. Venterea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Stream Order ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
The Us

N2O is an important greenhouse gas and the primary stratospheric ozone depleting substance. Its deleterious effects on the environment have prompted appeals to regulate emissions from agriculture, which represents the primary anthropogenic source in the global N2O budget. Successful implementation of mitigation strategies requires robust bottom-up inventories that are based on emission factors (EFs), simulation models, or a combination of the two. Top-down emission estimates, based on tall-tower and aircraft observations, indicate that bottom-up inventories severely underestimate regional and continental scale N2O emissions, implying that EFs may be biased low. Here, we measured N2O emissions from streams within the US Corn Belt using a chamber-based approach and analyzed the data as a function of Strahler stream order (S). N2O fluxes from headwater streams often exceeded 29 nmol N2O-N m−2⋅s−1 and decreased exponentially as a function of S. This relation was used to scale up riverine emissions and to assess the differences between bottom-up and top-down emission inventories at the local to regional scale. We found that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indirect EF for rivers (EF5r) is underestimated up to ninefold in southern Minnesota, which translates to a total tier 1 agricultural underestimation of N2O emissions by 40%. We show that accounting for zero-order streams as potential N2O hotspots can more than double the agricultural budget. Applying the same analysis to the US Corn Belt demonstrates that the IPCC EF5r underestimation explains the large differences observed between top-down and bottom-up emission estimates.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions are enhanced in a warmer and wetter world

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (45) ◽  
pp. 12081-12085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Griffis ◽  
Zichong Chen ◽  
John M. Baker ◽  
Jeffrey D. Wood ◽  
Dylan B. Millet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Agricultural Regions

Nitrous oxide (N2O) has a global warming potential that is 300 times that of carbon dioxide on a 100-y timescale, and is of major importance for stratospheric ozone depletion. The climate sensitivity of N2O emissions is poorly known, which makes it difficult to project how changing fertilizer use and climate will impact radiative forcing and the ozone layer. Analysis of 6 y of hourly N2O mixing ratios from a very tall tower within the US Corn Belt—one of the most intensive agricultural regions of the world—combined with inverse modeling, shows large interannual variability in N2O emissions (316 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1to 585 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1). This implies that the regional emission factor is highly sensitive to climate. In the warmest year and spring (2012) of the observational period, the emission factor was 7.5%, nearly double that of previous reports. Indirect emissions associated with runoff and leaching dominated the interannual variability of total emissions. Under current trends in climate and anthropogenic N use, we project a strong positive feedback to warmer and wetter conditions and unabated growth of regional N2O emissions that will exceed 600 Gg N2O-N⋅y−1, on average, by 2050. This increasing emission trend in the US Corn Belt may represent a harbinger of intensifying N2O emissions from other agricultural regions. Such feedbacks will pose a major challenge to the Paris Agreement, which requires large N2O emission mitigation efforts to achieve its goals.

Top-down Support of Swiss non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting to UNFCCC

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Henne ◽  
Martin K. Vollmer ◽  
Martin Steinbacher ◽  
Markus Leuenberger ◽  
Frank Meinhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Halogenated Compound

<p>Globally, emissions of long-lived non-CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouse gases (GHG; methane, nitrous oxide and halogenated compounds) account for approximately 30 % of the radiative forcing of all anthropogenic GHG emissions. In industrialised countries, ‘bottom-up’ estimates come with relatively large uncertainties for anthropogenic non-CO<sub>2</sub> GHGs when compared with those of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub>. 'Top-down' methods on the country scale offer an independent support tool to reduce these uncertainties and detect biases in emissions reported to the UNFCCC. Based on atmospheric concentration observations these tools are also able to detect the effectiveness of emission mitigation measures on the long term.</p><p>Since 2012 the Swiss national inventory reporting (NIR) contains an appendix on 'top-down' studies for selected halogenated compound. Subsequently, this appendix was extended to include methane and nitrous oxide. Here, we present these updated (2020 submission) regional-scale (~300 x 200 km<sup>2</sup>) atmospheric inversion studies for non-CO<sub>2</sub> GHG emission estimates in Switzerland, making use of observations on the Swiss Plateau (Beromünster tall tower) as well as the neighbouring mountain-top sites Jungfraujoch and Schauinsland.</p><p>We report spatially and temporally resolved Swiss emissions for CH<sub>4</sub> (2013-2019), N<sub>2</sub>O (2017-2019) and total Swiss emissions for hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and SF<sub>6</sub> (2009-2019) based on a Bayesian inversion system and a tracer ratio method, respectively. Both approaches make use of transport simulations applying the high-resolution (7 x 7 km<sup>2</sup>) Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART-COSMO). We compare these 'top-down' estimates to the 'bottom-up' results reported by Switzerland to the UNFCCC. Although we find good agreement between the two estimates for some species (CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O), emissions of other compounds (e.g., considerably lower 'top-down' estimates for HFC-134a) show larger discrepancies. Potential reasons for the disagreements are discussed. Currently, our 'top-down' information is only used for comparative purposes and does not feed back into the 'bottom-up' inventory.</p>

Intercomparison of a ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ modeling paradigm for estimating carbon and energy fluxes over a variety of vegetative regimes across the U.S.

2009 ◽  
Vol 149 (12) ◽  
pp. 2162-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Houborg ◽  
Martha C. Anderson ◽  
John M. Norman ◽  
Tim Wilson ◽  
Tilden Meyers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Fluxes ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Modeling Paradigm ◽  
The U.S
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