The role of CO2variability and exposure time for biological impacts of ocean acidification

Abstract. This review covers the development of ocean acidification science, with an emphasis on the creation of ocean chemical knowledge, through the course of the 20th century. This begins with the creation of the pH scale by Sørensen in 1909 and ends with the widespread knowledge of the impact of the "High CO2 Ocean" by then well underway as the trajectory along the IPCC scenario pathways continues. By mid-century the massive role of the ocean in absorbing fossil fuel CO2 was known to specialists, but not appreciated by the greater scientific community. By the end of the century the trade-offs between the beneficial role of the ocean in absorbing some 90% of all heat created, and the accumulation of some 50% of all fossil fuel CO2 emitted, and the impacts on marine life were becoming more clear. This paper documents the evolution of knowledge throughout this period.

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Effects of Exposure Time and Inversion on the Confidence-Accuracy Relationship in Facial Memory: A Test of the Optimality Hypothesis

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1990.71.1.32 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 32-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Stuart J. McKelvie

Keyword(s):

Exposure Time ◽

Moderator Variables ◽

Facial Memory ◽

The Difference ◽

And Inversion ◽

The Relationship ◽

Accuracy Relationship

A total of 99 subjects served in two facial memory experiments designed to investigate the role of two moderator variables (exposure time and inversion) on the relationship between confidence and accuracy. Consistent with the optimality hypothesis, the difference in confidence when correct and incorrect was higher for a 5-sec. than a 1-sec. exposure and for upright than for inverted faces.

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Assessing the impact of static and fluctuating ocean acidification on the behavior of Amphiprion percula

10.1101/2021.01.23.427511 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew A. Vaughan ◽

Danielle L. Dixson

Keyword(s):

Coral Reef ◽

Ocean Acidification ◽

Reef Fishes ◽

Amphiprion Percula ◽

Behavioral Abnormalities ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Ground Truthing ◽

Chemosensory Behavior ◽

The Impact

AbstractCoral reef organisms are exposed to both an increasing magnitude of pCO2, and natural fluctuations on a diel scale. For coral reef fishes, one of the most profound effects of ocean acidification is the impact on ecologically important behaviors. Previous behavioral research has primarily been conducted under static pCO2 conditions and have recently come under criticism. Recent studies have provided evidence that the negative impacts on behavior may be reduced under more environmentally realistic, fluctuating conditions. We investigated the impact of both present and future day, static (500 and 1000 μatm) and diel fluctuating (500 ± 200 and 1000 ± 200 μatm) pCO2 on the lateralization and chemosensory behavior of juvenile anemonefish, Amphiprion percula. Our static experimental comparisons support previous findings that under elevated pCO2, fish become un-lateralized and lose the ability to discriminate olfactory cues. Diel-fluctuating pCO2 may aid in mitigating the severity of some behavioral abnormalities such as the chemosensory response, where a preference for predator cues was significantly reduced under a future diel-fluctuating pCO2 regime. This research aids in ground truthing earlier findings and contributes to our growing knowledge of the role of fluctuating conditions.

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Microdynamics of person perception: the role of time’s exposure and ethnos

Experimental Psychology (Russia) ◽

10.17759/exppsy.2019120411 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 142-150

Author(s):

A.A. Demidov ◽

D.A. Diveev

Keyword(s):

Empirical Study ◽

Linear Relationship ◽

Ethnic Group ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

Exposure Time ◽

Person Perception ◽

Psychological Characteristics ◽

Non Linear ◽

The Republic

The article presents the results of an empirical study of the microdynamics of person perception. Stimulus images of persons from four ethnic groups — Tuvans, Russians, Kabardians and Komi, were presented to three independent groups of subjects to assess specific individual psychological characteristics, with different exposure times — 200, 1000 and 3000 ms. The subjects were Tuvans living in Kyzyl, the Republic of Tuva. For each of the evaluated qualities, the adequacy of the interpersonal assessment was calculated and its relations with such variable studies as the ethnicity and exposure time of the stimulus image were determined. The results obtained indicate a complex, non-linear relationship between the adequacy of interpersonal assessment and exposure time of the stimulus image, as well as the important role of the ethnic group of communicants in the structure of person perception.

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30 Paclitaxel exposure time determines the nature of the interaction with radiation in HeLa cells: the role of apoptosis

Radiotherapy and Oncology ◽

10.1016/s0167-8140(01)81052-5 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 60 ◽

pp. S7

Keyword(s):

Exposure Time ◽

Hela Cells

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The coral reef-dwelling Peneroplis spp. shows calcification resilience to ocean acidification conditions - results from culture experiments

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15029 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Laurie Charrieau ◽

Katsunori Kimoto ◽

Delphine Dissard ◽

Beatrice Below ◽

Kazuhiko Fujita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coral Reefs ◽

Ocean Acidification ◽

Sea Water ◽

General Structure ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Large Benthic Foraminifera ◽

Carbonate Ion ◽

Short Period

Ocean acidification is a consequence of current anthropogenic climate changes.&#160;The concomitant decrease in pH and carbonate ion concentration in sea water may have severe impacts on calcifying organisms. Coral reefs are among the first ecosystems recognized vulnerable to ocean acidification. Within&#160;coral reefs, large benthic foraminifera (LBF) are major calcium carbonate producers.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of varying&#160;pH on&#160;survival and calcification of the&#160;symbiont-bearing LBF species Peneroplis spp.&#160;We performed culture experiments to study their&#160;resistance to ocean acidification conditions,&#160;as well as their resilience once placed back under open ocean pH (7.9).After three&#160;days, small signs of test decalcification were observed on specimens kept at pH 7.4, and severe test decalcification was observed on specimens kept at pH 6.9, with the inner organic lining clearly appearing.&#160;After 32 days under pH 7.4, similar strongly decalcified specimens were observed. All the specimens were alive&#160;at the end of the experiment. This result demonstrates the&#160;resistance of Peneroplis spp.&#160;to an acidified pH, at least on a short period of time.After being partially decalcified, some of the living specimens were placed back at pH 7.9. After one month, the majority of the specimens showed recalcification&#160;features, mostly by addition of new chambers.&#160;The trace elements concentrations of the newly formed chambers were analysed by LA-ICPMS. Interestingly, more chambers were added when food was given, which&#160;highlights the crucial role of energy source in the&#160;recalcification process. Moreover, the newly formed chambers were most of the time abnormal, and the general structure&#160;of the tests was altered, with potential impacts on reproduction and in situ survival. In conclusion, if symbiont-bearing LBF show some resistance and resilience to&#160;lowered pH&#160;conditions, they&#160;will remain&#160;strongly affected by ocean acidification.

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