Evaluation of ASTER GDEM and SRTM and their suitability in hydraulic modelling of a glacial lake outburst flood in southeast Tibet

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weicai Wang ◽  
Xiaoxin Yang ◽  
Tandong Yao
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Hydraulic Modelling ◽  
Aster Gdem ◽  
Southeast Tibet ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

Sustained Impact of a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood on Winter Turbidity Regimes across the Land-Ocean Aquatic Continuum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Giesbrecht ◽  
Suzanne Tank ◽  
Justin Del Bel Belluz ◽  
Jennifer Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Mass Wasting ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Fisheries Resources ◽  
Carbon Burial ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
Creek Watershed ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood ◽  
The Impact

<p>Rainforest rivers export large quantities of terrestrial materials from watersheds to the coastal ocean, with important implications for local ecosystems and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the impact of episodic disturbance on this process is a critical knowledge gap in our understanding of land-sea connections. Fjords represent a global hotspot for terrestrial carbon burial in marine sediments, yet the relative importance of typical riverine fluxes vs. mass wasting fluxes is uncertain and dynamic. Similarly, mass wasting events can generate both an instantaneous pulse and a sustained shift in the material export regime. Riverine sediment regimes also have important implications for freshwater ecosystems and fisheries resources. A recent mass wasting event in Bute Inlet – Homalco First Nation traditional territory and British Columbia, Canada – presents an important opportunity to quantify the sustained impact of such an infrequent large disturbance on the source-to-sink linkages between glacierized mountains, rivers, and fjords.</p><p>On November 28, 2020, a landslide in the headwaters of the Elliot Creek watershed (118 km<sup>2</sup>) triggered a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) that eroded 3 km<sup>2</sup> of forested land and exported large volumes of water and terrestrial materials to the lower reaches of the Southgate River watershed (1986 km<sup>2</sup>) and ultimately to the head of Bute Inlet. Here we assess river and ocean surface turbidity over four winter months following the event, in comparison to pre-event measurements taken across all seasons in recent years. River turbidity was measured on the Southgate River above and below the confluence of Elliot Creek, beginning in December 2020, and at the mouth of the Southgate and nearby Homathko Rivers prior to November 2020. Bute Inlet turbidity was measured (every month to two months) starting in May 2017.</p><p>Prior to the GLOF event, Southgate River turbidity ranged from a low of 3.3 ± 0.4 FNU in the winter to a high of 71.4 FNU in the summer meltwater period. Since the event, Southgate River turbidity has been consistently elevated ≥6 times background levels recorded above Elliot Creek. At the extreme, on January 13, 2021, seven weeks after the GLOF, Southgate River mean turbidity (105.2 ± 3.3 FNU) was 32 times the background (3.3 ± 0.4 FNU), equating to a sustained increase in wintertime turbidity that sometimes exceeds the historical summertime peak. Given the typical coupling of turbidity with discharge, we expect further increases in turbidity with the coming freshet of 2021; the first meltwater season following the GLOF. These results suggest the potential for a sustained shift in the seasonal turbidity regime of the Southgate River and the estuarine waters of Bute Inlet. The elevated turbidity signals broader changes to: sediment export and carbon burial, the depth and seasonality of light penetration, river water quality, and spawning habitat quality for anadromous fish. Ongoing monitoring will be used to characterize the duration, dynamics, and potential recovery of elevated turbidity regimes across the land-to-ocean aquatic continuum in Bute Inlet.</p>

scholarly journals Identification of Locations for Potential Glacial Lakes Formation using Remote Sensing Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
P Yagol ◽  
A Manandhar ◽  
P Ghimire ◽  
RB Kayastha ◽  
JR Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Glacial Lakes ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Remote Sensing Technology ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Lake Formation ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

In past Nepal has encountered a number of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events causing loss of billions of rupees. Still there are a number of glacial lakes forming and there are chances of new glacial lake formation. Hence there is intense need to monitor glaciers and glacial lakes. The development on remote sensing technology has eased the researches on glacier and glacial lakes. Identification of locations of potential glacial lakes through the use of remote sensing technology has been proven and hence is opted for identification of locations of potential glacial lake in Khumbu Valley of Sagarmatha Zone, Nepal. The probable sites for glacial lake formation are at Ngojumpa, Lobuche, Khumbu, Bhotekoshi, Inkhu, Kyasar, Lumsumna, etc. As per study, the biggest glacial lake could form at Ngozumpa glacier. Even in other glaciers potential supra-glacial lakes could merge together to form lakes that occupy significant area. Nepalese Journal on Geoinformatics -12, 2070 (2013AD): 10-16

scholarly journals The 2020 glacial lake outburst flood at Jinwuco, Tibet: causes, impacts, and implications for hazard and risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoxiong Zheng ◽  
Martin Mergili ◽  
Adam Emmer ◽  
Simon Allen ◽  
Anming Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Lateral Moraine ◽  
Process Chain ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Impact Wave ◽  
Debris Landslide ◽  
Property Losses ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

Abstract. We analyze and reconstruct a recent Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) process chain on 26 June 2020, involving the moraine-dammed proglacial lake Jinwuco (30.356° N, 93.631° E) in eastern Nyainqentanglha, Tibet, China. Satellite images reveal that from 1965 to 2020, the surface area of Jinwuco has expanded by 0.2 km2 (+56 %) to 0.56 km2, and subsequently decreased to 0.26 km2 (‒54 %) after the GLOF. Estimates based on topographic reconstruction and sets of published empirical relationships indicate that the GLOF had a volume of 10 million m3, an average breach time of 0.62 hours, and an average peak discharge of 5,390 m3/s at the dam. Based on pre- and post-event high-resolution satellite scenes, we identified a large progressive debris landslide originating from western lateral moraine, having occurred 5–17 days before the GLOF. This landslide was most likely triggered by extremely heavy, south Asian monsoon-associated rainfall in June. The time lag between the landslide and the GLOF suggests that pre-weakening of the dam due to landslide-induced outflow pushed the system towards a tipping point, that was finally exceeded following subsequent rainfall, snowmelt, a secondary landslide, or calving of ice into the lake. We back-calculate part of the GLOF process chain, using the GIS-based open source numerical simulation tool r.avaflow. Two scenarios are considered, assuming a debris landslide-induced impact wave with overtopping and resulting retrogressive erosion of the moraine dam (Scenario A), and retrogressive erosion due to pre-weakening of the dam without a major impact wave (Scenario B). Both scenarios yield plausible results which are in line with empirically derived ranges of peak discharge and breach time. The breaching process is characterized by a slower onset and a resulting delay in Scenario B, compared to Scenario A. Evidence, however, points towards Scenario B as a more realistic possibility. There were no casualties from this GLOF but it caused severe destruction of infrastructure (e.g. roads and bridges) and property losses in downstream areas. Given the clear role of continued glacial retreat in destabilizing the adjacent lateral moraine slopes, and directly enabling the landslide to deposit into the expanding lake body, the GLOF process chain under Scenario B can be robustly attributable to anthropogenic climate change, while downstream consequences have been enhanced by the development of infrastructure on exposed flood plains. Such process chains could become more frequent under a warmer and wetter future climate, calling for comprehensive and forward-looking risk reduction planning.

Glacier recession and glacial lake outburst flood studies in Zanskar basin, western Himalaya

2018 ◽  
Vol 564 ◽  
pp. 376-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riyaz Ahmad Mir ◽  
Sanjay K. Jain ◽  
A.K. Lohani ◽  
Arun K. Saraf
Keyword(s):  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Glacier Recession ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

scholarly journals Hydraulic Reconstruction of the 1818 Giétro Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 8840-8863 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ancey ◽  
E. Bardou ◽  
M. Funk ◽  
M. Huss ◽  
M. A. Werder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

Threat of glacial lake outburst flood to Tehsil Gupis from Khukush Lake, District Ghizer, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 1589-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gohar Rehman ◽  
Sajjad Ahmad ◽  
Shuhab D. Khan ◽  
Fayaz Ali ◽  
Taqweemul H. Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Lake District ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood ◽  
Gilgit Baltistan

The reconstruction of a glacial lake outburst flood using HEC-RAS and its significance for future hazard assessments: an example from Lake 513 in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1617-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Klimeš ◽  
Miroslava Benešová ◽  
Vít Vilímek ◽  
Petr Bouška ◽  
Alejo Cochachin Rapre
Keyword(s):  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Cordillera Blanca ◽  
Hazard Assessments ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

Glacial lake outburst flood risk assessment of Sun Koshi basin, Nepal

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Shrestha ◽  
M. Eriksson ◽  
P. Mool ◽  
P. Ghimire ◽  
B. Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Flood Risk Assessment ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood ◽  
Koshi Basin

scholarly journals Modeling the Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Process Chain in the Nepal Himalaya: Reassessing Imja Tsho's Hazard

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Lala ◽  
David R. Rounce ◽  
Daene C. McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
River Channel ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Process Chain ◽  
Outburst Flood ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Lake Outlet ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

Abstract. The Himalayas of South Asia are home to many glaciers that are retreating due to climate change and causing the formation of large glacial lakes in their absence. These lakes are held in place by naturally deposited moraine dams that are potentially unstable. Specifically, an impulse wave generated by an avalanche or landslide entering the lake can destabilize the moraine dam, thereby causing a catastrophic failure of the moraine and a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF). Imja-Lhotse Shar glacier is amongst the glaciers experiencing the highest rate of mass loss in the Mount Everest region, which has contributed to the expansion of Imja Tsho. A GLOF from this lake may have the potential to cause catastrophic damage to downstream villages, threatening both property and human life. Therefore, it is essential to understand the processes that could trigger a flood and quantify the potential downstream impacts. The avalanche-induced GLOF process chain was modeled using the output of one component of the chain as input to the next. First, the volume and momentum of various avalanches entering the lake were calculated using RAMMS. Next, the avalanche-induced waves were simulated using BASEMENT and validated with empirical equations to ensure the proper transfer of momentum from the avalanche to the lake. With BASEMENT, the ensuing moraine erosion and downstream flooding was modeled, which was used to generate hazard maps downstream. Moraine erosion was calculated for two geomorphologic models: one site-specific using field data and another worst-case based on past literature that is applicable to lakes in the greater region. Neither case resulted in flooding outside the river channel at downstream villages. The worst-case model resulted in some moraine erosion and increased channelization of the lake outlet, which yielded greater discharge downstream but no catastrophic collapse. The site-specific model generated similar results, but with very little erosion and a smaller downstream discharge. These results indicated that Imja Tsho is unlikely to produce a catastrophic GLOF due to an avalanche in the near future, although some hazard exists within the downstream river channel, necessitating continued monitoring of the lake. Furthermore, these models were designed for ease and flexibility so that they can be adopted by a wide range of stakeholders and appropriated for other lakes in the region.

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