Volumetric muscle loss (VML) results in permanent functional deficits and remains a substantial regenerative medicine challenge. A coordinated immune response is crucial for timely myofiber regeneration, however the immune response following VML has yet to be fully characterized. Here, we leveraged dimensionality reduction and pseudo-time analysis techniques to elucidate the cellular players underlying a functional or pathological outcome as a result of subcritical or critical VML in the murine quadriceps, respectively. We found that critical VML presented with a sustained presence of M2-like and CD206hiLy6Chi "hybrid" macrophages whereas subcritical defects resolved these populations. These macrophage subsets may contribute to fibrogenesis in critical VML, especially in the presence of TGF-β. Furthermore, several T cell populations were significantly elevated in critical VML compared to subcritical injuries. Specifically, there was a significant increase of CD127+ T cells at days 3 and 7, and upregulated CD127 expression may indicate aberrant IL-7 signaling in critical VML. These results demonstrate a dysregulated immune response in critical VML that is unable to resolve the chronic inflammatory state and transition to a pro-regenerative microenvironment. These data provide important insights into potential therapeutic strategies which could reduce the immune cell burden and pro-fibrotic signaling characteristic of VML.
Identifying dysregulated immune cell subsets following critical volumetric muscle loss with pseudo-time trajectories
