Administration time significantly affects plasma bioavailability of grape seed proanthocyanidins extract in healthy and obese Fischer 344 rats

Dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP) is a simple organophosphate used industrially as a flame retardant and to lower viscosity in polyester and epoxy resins. The military considered the use of DMMP as a nerve gas simulant. Since military use of DMMP involved exposure by inhalation, there was a need for a subchronic inhalation exposure to DMMP to fully investigate its toxic potential.Male Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 25 ppm or 250 ppm DMMP vapor on a continuous basis for 90 days. An equal number of control rats were sham-exposed. Following the 90-day continuous exposure period, 15 male rats were sacrificed from each group. Two rats from each group had the left kidney perfused for electron microscopic examination. The kidneys were perfused from a height of 150 cm water with 1% glutaraldehyde in Sorensen's 0.1M phosphate buffer pH 7.2. An additional kidney was taken from a rat in each group and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.4. A portion of the 9 kidneys collected for electron microscopy were processed into Epon 812. Thin sections, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, were examined with a JEOL 100B Transmission Electron Microscope. Microvilli height was measured on photographs of the cells of proximal tubules. This data, along with morphologic features of the cells, allows the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) to be identified as being S1, S2, or S3 segment PCT.

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Ultrastructure of rat alveolar macrophages activated in situ by poly:IC

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100128158 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 768-769

Author(s):

A. M. Klinkner ◽

R. A. Weiss ◽

A. Kelley ◽

P. J. Bugelski

Keyword(s):

Venous Blood ◽

Intratracheal Instillation ◽

Buffy Coat ◽

Fischer 344 Rats ◽

Blood Monocytes ◽

Fischer 344 ◽

Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid ◽

Macrophage Activator ◽

Endogenous Peroxidase

Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid is an inducer of interferon and a macrophage activator. We have found that intratracheal instillation of polyI:C (IT-pI:C) activates rat bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BAL) for a variety of functions. Examination of Giemsa stained, cytocentrifuge preparations showed that IT-pI:C induced a population of BAL not seen in resident BAL. The morphology of these cells suggested that they might be derived from blood monocytes. To test this hypothesis we have examined several populations of macrophages that had been stained for endogenous peroxidase activity as a marker of cells derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage.Macrophages were obtained from Fischer 344 rats. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) were collected by lavage 4 days after i.p. injection of 20 ml 3% thioglycolate. Buffy coat monocytes were separated from venous blood from naive rats.

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Urinary Metabolites of Hydrazine in Male Fischer 344 Rats Following Inhalation or Intravenous Exposure

10.21236/ada170743 ◽

1986 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Beth M. Llewellyn ◽

William C. Keller ◽

Carl T. Olson

Keyword(s):

Urinary Metabolites ◽

Fischer 344 Rats ◽

Fischer 344

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The Metabolism of CIS - and Trans - Decalin in Fischer 344 Rats.

10.21236/ada166072 ◽

1985 ◽

Author(s):

M. P. Serve'

Keyword(s):

Fischer 344 Rats ◽

Fischer 344 ◽

Cis And Trans

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Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Protect N2a Cells against Ischemic Injury via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitochondrial-associated Pathways

CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871527318666190212111650 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 334-341 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kun Fu ◽

Liqiang Chen ◽

Lifeng Miao ◽

Yan Guo ◽

Wei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Membrane Potential ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Mitochondrial Membrane Potential ◽

Mitochondrial Membrane ◽

Grape Seed ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins ◽

N2a Cells ◽

Caspase 12

Background/Objective: Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) are a group of polyphenolic bioflavonoids, which possess a variety of biological functions and pharmacological properties. We studied the neuroprotective effects of GSP against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury and the potential mechanisms in mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells. Methods: OGD/R was conducted in N2a cells. Cell viability was evaluated by CCK-8 and LDH release assay. Apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. Protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by Western blotting. CHOP, GRP78 and caspase-12 mRNA levels were assessed by real-time PCR. JC-1 dying was used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential. ROS levels, activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and ATP production were examined to evaluate mitochondrial function. Results: GSP increased cell viability after OGD/R injury in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GSP inhibited cell apoptosis, reduced the mRNA levels of CHOP, GRP78 and caspase-12 (ER stressassociated genes), restored mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP generation, improved activities of endogenous anti-oxidant ability (T-AOC, GXH-Px, and SOD), and decreased ROS level. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that GSP can protect N2a cells from OGD/R insult. The mechanism of anti-apoptotic effects of GSP may involve attenuating ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

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