Relations among the Implicit Association Test, Discriminatory Behavior, and Explicit Measures of Racial Attitudes

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen R. McConnell ◽  
Jill M. Leibold
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Discriminatory Behavior ◽  
Explicit Measures

The Role of Self-Involvement in Shifting IAT Effects

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Marini ◽  
Sandro Rubichi ◽  
Giuseppe Sartori
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Association Test ◽  
The Self ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Explicit Measures

Explicit measures can be affected by self-involvement in processing of a message (Johnson & Eagly, 1989). Here, we show that self-involvement in a counter-stereotypical message also influences implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). In our study, racial attitudes changed only after reading a counter-stereotypical scenario in which participants were asked to imagine themselves as victims of an assault as opposed to simply imagine an assault to a person. This shift did not depend on evaluative instructions and it was transient as it was no longer present after 1 week. These results suggest that the self-involvement might be an important factor in shifting implicit measures.

How tasty is governance? Understanding the effect of a “cooperative” label on perceived taste of food products

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Axelle Faure-Ferlet ◽  
Sonia Capelli ◽  
William Sabadie
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Process ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Explicit Measures ◽  
Cooperative Governance

This research investigates whether a label on cooperative governance influences the perceived taste of a product through a sensation transfer process. The first study measures perceived taste of unbranded products implicitly (via an Implicit Association Test) and explicitly (via a survey). The label improves the implicitly and explicitly perceived taste. The second study, reproducing the same protocols with branded products, confirms this result for implicitly perceived taste, but the effect of the label on explicitly perceived taste disappears. Because implicit measures are more predictive of routine purchasing than are explicit measures, we recommend spotlighting cooperative governance on food products.

scholarly journals The target/perpetrator brief-implicit association test (B-IAT): an implicit instrument for efficiently measuring discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Marini ◽  
Pamela D. Waterman ◽  
Emry Breedlove ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Christian Testa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Abstract Background To date, research assessing discrimination has employed primarily explicit measures (i.e., self-reports), which can be subject to intentional and social desirability processes. Only a few studies, focusing on sex and race/ethnicity discrimination, have relied on implicit measures (i.e., Implicit Association Test, IAT), which permit assessing mental representations that are outside of conscious control. This study aims to advance measurement of discrimination by extending the application of implicit measures to multiple types of discrimination and optimizing the time required for the administration of these instruments. Methods Between September 27th 2019 and February 9th 2020, we conducted six experiments (984 participants) to assess implicit and explicit discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age. Implicit discrimination was measured by using the Brief-Implicit Association Test (B-IAT), a new validated version of the IAT developed to shorten the time needed (from ≈15 to ≈2 min) to assess implicit mental representations, while explicit discrimination was assessed using self-reported items. Results Among participants (mean age = 37.8), 68.6% were White Non-Hispanic; 69% were females; 76.1% were heterosexual; 90.7% were gender conforming; 52.8% were medium weight; and 41.5% had an advanced level of education. Overall, we found implicit and explicit recognition of discrimination towards all the target groups (stronger for members of the target than dominant groups). Some exceptions emerged in experiments investigating race/ethnicity and weight discrimination. In the racism experiment, only people of Color showed an implicit recognition of discrimination towards the target group, while White people were neutral. In the fatphobia experiment, participants who were not heavy showed a slight implicit recognition of discrimination towards the dominant group, while heavy participants were neutral. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the B-IAT is a valuable tool for quickly assessing multiple types of implicit discrimination. It shows also that implicit and explicit measures can display diverging results, thus indicating that research would benefit from the use of both these instruments. These results have important implications for the assessment of discrimination in health research as well as in social and psychological science.

scholarly journals Understanding and Using the Brief Implicit Association Test: Recommended Scoring Procedures

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Yoav Bar-Anan ◽  
Natarajan Sriram ◽  
Jordan Axt ◽  
Anthony G. Greenwald
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Average Response Time ◽  
Transformation Algorithms ◽  
Criterion Variables ◽  
Explicit Measures

A brief version of the Implicit Association Test (BIAT) has been introduced. The present research identified analytical best practices for overall psychometric performance of the BIAT. In 7 studies and multiple replications, we investigated analytic practices with several evaluation criteria: sensitivity to detecting known effects and group differences, internal consistency, relations with implicit measures of the same topic, relations with explicit measures of the same topic and other criterion variables, and resistance to an extraneous influence of average response time. The data transformation algorithms D outperformed other approaches. This replicates and extends the strong prior performance of D compared to conventional analytic techniques. We conclude with recommended analytic practices for standard use of the BIAT.

scholarly journals Measure What You are Trying to Predict: Applying the Correspondence Principle to the Implicit Association Test

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis H. Irving ◽  
Colin Smith
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Correspondence Principle ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Total N ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Explicit Measures

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is nearly synonymous with the implicit attitude construct. At the same time, correlations between the IAT and criterion measures are often remarkably low. Developed within research using explicit measures of attitudes, the correspondence principle posits that measures should better predict criteria when there is a match in terms of the level of generality or specificity at which both are conceptualized (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977). As such, weak implicit-criterion correlations are to be expected when broad general implicit measures are used to predict highly specific criteria. Research using explicit measures of attitudes consistently supports the correspondence principle, but conceptual correspondence is rarely considered by researchers using implicit measures to predict behavior and other relevant criterion measures. In five experiments (total N = 4650), we provide the first direct evidence demonstrating the relevance of the correspondence principle to the predictive validity of the IAT and Single Target IAT. That said, it is not the case that the IAT always predicts criteria better when correspondence is high. Inconsistency across the pattern of results suggests there is much more that remains to be understood about the relevance of the correspondence principle to the implicit-criterion relationship. Taken together, however, our findings suggest that conceptual correspondence typically increases (and never decreases) the magnitude of implicit-behavior and implicit-explicit relationships. We provide a framework for future research necessary to establish when correspondence is more likely to increase the predictive validity of measures such as the IAT.

Is the Implicit Association Test Immune to Faking?

2004 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie C. Steffens
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Empirical Question ◽  
Limited Experience ◽  
Explicit Measures ◽  
Questionnaire Measures

Abstract. One of the main advantages of measures of automatic cognition is supposed to be that they are less susceptible to faking than explicit tests. It is an empirical question, however, to what degree these measures can be faked, and the response might well differ for different measures. We tested whether the Implicit Association Test (IAT, Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) cannot be faked as easily as explicit measures of the same constructs. We chose the Big-Five dimensions conscientiousness and extraversion as the constructs of interest. The results show, indeed, that the IAT is much less susceptible to faking than questionnaire measures are, even if no selective faking of single dimensions of the questionnaire occurred. However, given limited experience, scores on the IAT, too, are susceptible to faking.

scholarly journals An empirical validation of the Quadruple Process Model of implicit attitudes against alternate, theoretically defensible specifications.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Calanchini ◽  
Jeff Sherman ◽  
Karl Christoph Klauer ◽  
Emilio Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Standard Version ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Best Fit

The Quadruple process (Quad) model is a multinomial processing tree that specifies the joint contribution of four qualitatively distinct cognitive processes to responses on implicit measures. The way in which these processes interact to drive responses was initially specified according to theory, and the construct validity of this specification of the model has been demonstrated across a wide variety of studies. However, there are other theoretically-defensible ways in which these processes might interact. The purpose of the present research was to compare the standard version of the Quad model against alternate specifications in order to determine which model best fits data from the Implicit Association Test. Three different versions of the Quad model were applied to very large samples of real participants’ data across three content domains: racial attitudes, sexual orientation attitudes, and gender stereotypes. The standard model provided best fit for racial attitudes and gender stereotype data. However, other versions of the model provided equivalent fit to sexual orientation attitudes data. Taken together, these analyses indicate that the standard version of the Quad model provides best fit to data from the Implicit Association Test in general, but that alternate specifications may be appropriate for some content domains and participant populations.

Differential Stability

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Gschwendner ◽  
Wilhelm Hofmann ◽  
Manfred Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Context Effect ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Relevant Concept ◽  
Differential Stability ◽  
Chronic Accessibility ◽  
The Stability

The current research explored the stability of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) depending on contextual constraints and chronic accessibility. Two studies incorporated background pictures into the IAT. In Study 1, the 2-week stability of an IAT assessing anxiety was higher when IAT stimuli were embedded in an anxiety-relevant background (e.g., a snake). In Study 2, this context effect could be replicated in the domain of racial attitudes. Moreover, the context effect in Study 2 was especially pronounced for participants with high chronic access to the relevant concept. The results support the assumption that implicit measures like the IAT are sensitive to contextual constraints and that these constraints can be utilized to enhance the stability of the IAT.

Normal or Tingly? A story about Hands & Feet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrto Efstathiou ◽  
Anna Sedda ◽  
Louise Delicato
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Association Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
Explicit Measures ◽  
The Way

Spontaneous sensations (SPS) are sensations which are felt in the body in the absence of external stimulation, often at periods of rest and relaxation (Naveteur, Honoré, & Michael, 2005). The literature on SPS has used explicit measures such as questionnaires to explore SPS, while no studies to date have examined SPS on an implicit level. This study was conducted to collect representative stimuli for an Implicit Association Test (IAT) for SPS in hands and feet. Hence, the study aimed to answer the question of how participants perceive their hands and feet, in the presence or absence of SPS. A short online survey was completed by eighteen participants to identify the most frequent words used to describe our limbs in the presence or absence of SPS. Results indicated that individuals who perceive and those who do not perceive SPS in their limbs, describe their limbs as normal while the most frequent SPS were itching and tingling. Thus, the words we use to describe how our limbs feel are similar as we use the same words to describe how we feel our hands and feet. However, the way we experience SPS (e.g. frequency) varies as hands experienced more SPS than feet. Finally, those words will be used in an IAT for SPS as the most representative stimuli for two categories: absence of SPS and presence of SPS.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document