The Impact of Experience on Preference Formation and Context Effects in Multi-alternative, Multi-attribute Choice

Within the domain of preferential choice, it has long been thought that context effects, such as the attraction and compromise effects, arise due to the constructive nature of preferences and thus should not emerge when preferences are stable. We examined this hypothesis with a series of experiments where participants had the opportunity to experience selected alternatives and develop more enduring preferences. Our results suggest that context effects can still emerge when stable preferences form through experience. This suggests that multi-alternative, multi-attribute decisions are likely influenced by relative evaluations, as hypothesized by many computational models of decision-making, even when participants have the opportunity to experience options and learn their preferences. In addition, the direction of observed context effects is opposite to standard effects and appears to be quite robust. Our post-hoc explorations suggest that the context effect reversals we observe may relate to the subjective representation of options.

Analisis Bibliometrik Mobile Mathematics Learning

Penelitian ini memaparkan tinjauan kritis mengenai Mobile Mathematics Learning berdasarkan analisis bibliografi atas 195 artikel yang dipublikasikan dalam jurnal internasional berdasarkan database scopus selama kurun waktu 1997– 2021. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjawab kekosongan dengan memberikan analisis bibliometrik ekstensif dari literatur yang berkaitan dengan istilah ini untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut: (1) Bagaimana artikel Mobile Mathematics Learning diklasifikasikan?, (2) Bagaimana trend penelitian Mobile Mathematics Learning? Topik penelitian apa yang menjadi subjek lebih banyak publikasi?, (3) Apa topik Mobile Mathematics Learning masa depan yang memberikan kesempatan untuk penelitian lebih lanjut?. Analisis bibliometrik menggunakan lima langkah meliputi mendefinisikan istilah pencarian yang sesuai, hasil pencarian awal, penyempurnaan hasil pencarian, penyusunan data statistika awal, dan analisis data. Hasil penelitian memperoleh 195 makalah dengan hasil awal sebanyak 1606 kutipan (66.92 kutipan / tahun dan 8.24 kutipan/makalah). Pemurnian hasil menyisakan 60 artikel (penurunan 69,2%); data mengenai kutipan juga berubah, dengan 566 kutipan (menurun 64,8%), 40.43 kutipan/tahun (menurun 39,6%), dan 9.43 kutipan/makalah (meningkat 14,4%). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa jurnal Q1 dan Q2 tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kutipan dibandingkan jurnal lainnya. Penelitian ini menunjukkan informasi untuk masa yang akan datang dalam bidang Mobile Mathematics Learning, serta merangkum dan mendukung temuan penting dari tinjauan tersebut.Secara keseluruhan, konsep Mobile Mathematics Learning masih perlu ditingkatkan dalam penelitian-penelitian yang akan datang. Penelitian selanjutnya dapat mengambil topik tentang context, effect, mobile device, development, STEM Education dan mobile technology

A public context with higher minority stress for LGBTQ* couples decreases the enjoyment of public displays of affection

This research investigated whether LGBTQ* minority stress and public displays of affection (PDA; e.g., kissing, hugging) among LGBTQ* couples are context-sensitive. We expected that (a) LQBTQ* minority stress would be more prevalent in a harmful (i.e., city center) versus a less harmful (i.e., university campus) context, and (b) PDA would be reduced for LGBTQ* couples in a harmful context. In three studies, LGBTQ* and Hetero/Cis students (NTotal = 517) reported LGBTQ*-specific minority stress and PDA in the city and on campus. The city center was higher in minority stress than the campus in all studies. Also, LGBTQ* participants’ PDA enjoyment was lower in the city than on campus (Studies 1 and 3). Minority stress mediated the context effect on PDA (Study 3). A qualitative analysis illuminated the harmful versus protective natures of public contexts. We conclude that a protective context can powerfully promote healthy LGBTQ* relationship behavior.

Smokers “Context Reactivity” in Virtual Domestic Environments

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Although the effects of proximal smoking cues have been widely studied in smokers, little is known on the features associated with background spatial context effect, that is, “context reactivity.” The aim of this study was to investigate context reactivity exhibited by smokers in virtual cue-free domestic scenarios. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Sixty-nine participants divided in 2 cohorts (33 smokers and 36 non-smokers) were exposed to a virtual reality session with 4 domestic room scenarios presented in a balanced order: bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, and living room. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We showed that (i) it is possible to elicit smoking craving in smokers in virtual reality, and (ii) these effects are room dependent and (iii) associated with a lower sense of presence; furthermore, (iv) smokers reported higher craving scores for alcohol and food in a room-dependent fashion compared to non-smokers. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our study provides an experimental paradigm for assessing context reactivity in smokers and suggests a potential use for the identification of non-pharmacological interventions as a co-adjuvant of smoking cessation treatment.

A Hundred Years Ago: The Assassination of Mehmet Talaat (15 March 1921) And The Berlin Criminal Proceedings Against Soghomon Tehlirian (2/3 June 1921): Background, Context, Effect

A hundred years ago, on the late morning of March 15, 1921, the Armenian Soghomon Tehlirian (Soġomon T’ehlirean - Սողոմոն Թեհլիրեան; also: Soghomon Tehliryan; Soġomon T’ehlerean - Սողոմոն Թեհլերեան (1897-1960)) shot the former Ottoman Minister of the Interior (21 January 1913 to 4 February 1917), Minister of Finance (November 1914 to 4 February 1917) and head of government (Grand Vizier; 4 February 1917 to 8 October 1918), Mehmet Talaat (1874-1921) on Berlin’s Hardenbergstrasse. In an unusually short time by today’s standards, after two and a half months, the assassin was put on trial on 2 and 3 June of the same year at the jury court of Berlin District Court III (Landgericht Berlin III) in Berlin-Moabit. The trial lasted one and a half days, which was also unusually short. Obviously, the German or Prussian judiciary wanted to get rid of the accused and with him the subject of German-Turkish relations as quickly as possible. Tehlirian was acquitted on 3 June 1920, on the grounds of incapacity of guilt and was immediately deported from Germany. This article explains the background, context and lasting effects of his crime.

Context dependency in risky decision making: Is there a description-experience gap?

When making decisions involving risk, people may learn about the risk from descriptions or from experience. The description-experience gap refers to the difference in decision patterns driven by this discrepancy in learning format. Across two experiments, we investigated whether learning from description versus experience differentially affects the direction and the magnitude of a context effect in risky decision making. In Study 1 and 2, a computerized game called the Decisions about Risk Task (DART) was used to measure people’s risk-taking tendencies toward hazard stimuli that exploded probabilistically. The rate at which a context hazard caused harm was manipulated, while the rate at which a focal hazard caused harm was held constant. The format by which this information was learned was also manipulated; it was learned primarily by experience or by description. The results revealed that participants’ behavior toward the focal hazard varied depending on what they had learned about the context hazard. Specifically, there were contrast effects in which participants were more likely to choose a risky behavior toward the focal hazard when the harm rate posed by the context hazard was high rather than low. Critically, these contrast effects were of similar strength irrespective of whether the risk information was learned from experience or description. Participants’ verbal assessments of risk likelihood also showed contrast effects, irrespective of learning format. Although risk information about a context hazard in DART does nothing to affect the objective expected value of risky versus safe behaviors toward focal hazards, it did affect participants’ perceptions and behaviors—regardless of whether the information was learned from description or experience. Our findings suggest that context has a broad-based role in how people assess and make decisions about hazards.

Designing Context-Based Marketing: Product Recommendations Under Time Pressure

We study how to design product recommendations when consumers’ attention and utility are influenced by time pressure—a prominent example of the context effect—and menu characteristics, such as the number of recommended products in the assortment. Using unique data on consumer purchases from vending machines on train platforms in Tokyo, we develop and estimate a structural consideration set model in which time pressure and recommendations can influence attention and utility. We find that time pressure reduces consumer attention but increases utility. Time pressure moderates the effect of recommendations for the attention of both recommended and nonrecommended products and utility for recommended products. Moreover, the number of total recommendations increases consumer attention in general, but in a diminishing way. In our counterfactual simulations, we find that the revenue-maximizing number of recommendations decreases with time pressure and that optimizing recommending products to accommodate time pressure by a greedy algorithm increases total sales volume by 3.7% relative to the actual policy, 0.6% points more than traditional consumer-segment-based targeting policy. This effect is larger than 10% price discounts, which increases the revenue only by 0.4% at the margin. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.