Different Oviposition Strategies in Two Closely Related Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): Aggregation versus Risk Spreading

Author(s):  
Ken Tabuchi ◽  
Hiroshi Amano
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen F. Wagner ◽  
Emeline Mourocq ◽  
Michael Griesser

Predation of offspring is the main cause of reproductive failure in many species, and the mere fear of offspring predation shapes reproductive strategies. Yet, natural predation risk is ubiquitously variable and can be unpredictable. Consequently, the perceived prospect of predation early in a reproductive cycle may not reflect the actual risk to ensuing offspring. An increased variance in investment across offspring has been linked to breeding in unpredictable environments in several taxa, but has so far been overlooked as a maternal response to temporal variation in predation risk. Here, we experimentally increased the perceived risk of nest predation prior to egg-laying in seven bird species. Species with prolonged parent-offspring associations increased their intra-brood variation in egg, and subsequently offspring, size. High risk to offspring early in a reproductive cycle can favour a risk-spreading strategy particularly in species with the greatest opportunity to even out offspring quality after fledging.


Author(s):  
З.А. Федотова

Галлицы-карпофаги в Палеарктике повреждают 14 типов плодов древесно-кустарниковых растений из 16 семейств. Они обычно специфичны по отношению к роду растения, являясь монофагами и олигофагами (Kaltenbachiola, Plemeliella, Resseliella). Внутри семян покрытосеменных растений развиваются очень редко (Semudobia). Всего 10 видов галлиц из 5 родов выявлено в плодах и семенах голосеменных растений, 39 видов из 15 родов – на покрытосеменных. В шишках хвойных и серёжках берёз известны наиболее крупные комплексы галлиц. Общих видов среди плодовых, семенных и цветочных галлиц не обнаружено. Галлицы, развивающиеся в плодах и семенах растений, освоили их независимо от цветочных галлиц. Галлицы предпочитают сухие плоды, преимущественно шишки, крылатки, коробочки; среди сочных плодов – костянки и ложные ягоды. Fruit and seed gall midges in the Palearctic damage 14 types of fruit of tree and shrub plants from 16 families. They are usually specific to the genus of the plant, being monophagous and oligophagous (Kaltenbachiola, Plemeliella, Semudobia). They develop very rarely inside seeds of angiosperms (Semudobia). A total of 10 species of gall midges from 5 genera are found in fruits and seeds of gymnosperms plants, 39 species from 15 genera are known on angiosperms. The largest complexes of gall midges are known in the cones of conifers and earrings of birch. There were no common species among fruit, seed and flower gall midges. Gall midges developing in fruits and seeds of plants began to utilize them irrespective of flower gall midges. Gall midges prefer dry fruits, mostly cones, achene, capsules; among the juicy fruits they prefer stone-fruit and false berries.


Author(s):  
Sergey Reznik ◽  
Nina Vaghina ◽  
Natalia Voinovich ◽  
Svetlana Karpova
Keyword(s):  

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