Chronic Toxicity Testing: Present Perspectives and the Way toward Shorter Screening, Decreased Use of Resources and Better Risk Assessment

1991 ◽  
pp. 53-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Bach ◽  
Andrew Cockburn ◽  
David J. Esdaile ◽  
Paul Grasso ◽  
Cyndy E. Lumley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Way

The zebrafish embryo model in environmental risk assessment—applications beyond acute toxicity testing

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 394-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Scholz ◽  
Stephan Fischer ◽  
Ulrike Gündel ◽  
Eberhard Küster ◽  
Till Luckenbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Assessment ◽  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Acute Toxicity Testing

Hormesis - Implications for risk assessment caloric intake (body weight) as an exemplar

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Turturro ◽  
Bruce Hass ◽  
Ronald W Hart
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Hormetic Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hormetic Response

Hormesis can be considered as a parameter which has a non-monotonic relationship with some endpoint. Since caloric intake is such a parameter, and the impact of this parameter on risk assessment has been fairly well characterized, it can provide clues as to how to integrate the information from a hormetic parameter into risk assessments for toxicants. Based on the work with caloric intake, one could: (a) define a biomarker for hormetic effect; (b) integrate specific information on when in the animals lifespan the parameter is active to influence parameters such as survival; (c) evaluate component effects of the overall hormetic response; and (d) address the consequences of a non-monotonic relationship between the hormetic parameter and endpoints critical for risk assessment. These impacts on risk assessments have been characterized for chronic tests, but are also true for short-term tests. A priority is the characterization of the dose-response curves for hormetic parameters. This quantification will be critical in utilizing them in risk assessment. With this information, one could better quantitatively address the changes one expects to result from the hormetic parameter, and limit the uncertainty and variability which occurs in toxicity testing.

Non-regional labour analgesia

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-180
Author(s):  
Matthew Turner ◽  
Graeme Lilley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Complementary Therapies ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Labour Analgesia ◽  
Maternal Satisfaction ◽  
Patient Controlled Analgesia ◽  
Short Acting ◽  
The Way ◽  
At Home

Women may choose to deliver their baby in different places, e.g. obstetric-led units, midwife-led units, or at home, depending on their risk assessment and the mother’s own wishes. The way they manage their pain during labour will depend on where they deliver; however, it is essential that they are fully informed about the available options. This chapter explores the evidence base for both non-pharmacological and pharmacological options, e.g. complementary therapies, water immersion, TENS, inhalational analgesia, and systemic opioids. The use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with ultra-short acting opioids, e.g. remifentanil, has been shown to be safe when used in a monitored environment and has high maternal satisfaction scores. The typical regimens and safe monitoring conditions for PCA remifentanil use are described.

Advances in Toxicity Testing Herald Improvements and Challenges for Risk Assessment

Risk Analysis ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce S. Tsuji ◽  
Michael R. Garry
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Toxicity Testing

scholarly journals An audit of risk assessment in an emergency setting

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Stone ◽  
George Szmukler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Junior Doctors ◽  
Emergency Setting ◽  
Patient Records ◽  
Changing Practice ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Harm To Others ◽  
The Way

Aims and MethodPatient records from the emergency clinic at the Maudsley Hospital were analysed from July 1999 to assess the standard of risk assessment for self-harm and for harm to others routinely recorded by junior doctors. The recorded risk factors for the consultation and the evidence that risk had been considered were noted. An intervention that comprised two seminars and two written reminders about the importance of risk assessment was made and the analysis of records in the emergency clinic repeated for July 2000.ResultsRisk factors were recorded more frequently for harm to self than for harm to others. There was little recorded evidence that consideration had been given to the overall risk of harm to self, and there was no evidence of this for harm to others. Recording of risk did not change significantly between 1999 and 2000.Clinical ImplicationsAssessment for risk of harm to others is not a part of the emergency consultation that is emphasised by the majority of junior psychiatrists. Changing practice will require a shift in the way that risk to others is presented in psychiatric teaching.

Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment

Risk Analysis ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Krewski ◽  
Melvin E. Andersen ◽  
Ellen Mantus ◽  
Lauren Zeise
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Human Health Risk Assessment
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