The acute toxicity study GIZH-290 in mice

Acute toxicity testing is a commonly accepted procedure for preclinical testing of the safety of potential drugs. The compound GIZh-290, which is a derivative of 4-phenylpyrrolidone– 2,6 - dimethylanilide (2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidine-1-yl) acetic acid and has a nootropic and anticonvulsant effect, was studied. The results obtained after a single oral and intraperitoneal administration to mice allow us to attribute GIZH-290 to the 4th class of toxicity – "lowtoxic substances". The study revealed the neurotoxic effects of GIZH-290, which may be due to the main pharmacological activity of the compound used in sublethal doses.

Effect of chlorpheniramine on acute dichlorvos poisoning in wistar rats

Introduction: Pesticide poisoning is a serious public health concern worldwide. According to WHO, about 3 million cases occur every year, resulting in more than 250,000 deaths. In response to the problems of unavailability of antidotes and cost in sub-Saharan Africa, this research set out to investigate chlorpheniramine, a cheap and readily available over the counter (OTC) antihistamine for possible antidotal effects on rats acutely poisoned with dichlorvos. Methodology: The antidotal and protective effect of chlorpheniramine a H1 antihistamine on acute toxicity by dichlorvos, an organophosphorus insecticide in wistar rats was investigated and compared with atropine, the standard antidote. Chlorpheniramine (2mg/kg, 4mg/kg, and 8mg/kg), atropine (0.4mg/kg, 0.8mg/kg, and 1.6mg/kg) and dichlorvos (4mg/kg) were all administered intraperitoneally. Dichlorvos at a dose of 4mg/kg induced acute toxicity in the rats observed as tremor, convulsion, defecation, straub tail, recumbence and gasping. Results: Chlorpheniramine significantly (p<0.05) decreased the occurrence of acute signs of toxicity and also delayed the time of onset of signs of poisoning. Chlorpheniramine also prevented death of the animals with 100% survival rate after 2- 24hours of dichlorvos poisoning. Chlorpheniramine also reduced the toxicity score as compared to the control after acute toxicity testing for 14days. Conclusion: The results suggests that chlorpheniramine possesses antidotal effects against dichlorvos induced toxicity in wistar rats comparable to atropine, the standard antidote and showed an additive positive antidotal effect when administered in combination with atropine.

Phytothérapie et prise en charge des séquelles des accidents vasculaires cérébraux en Côte d’Ivoire

Les Accidents Vasculaires Cérébraux (AVC) sont une urgence de santé publique. Le présent travail vise à évaluer, dans la pharmacopée ivoirienne, les connaissances des phytothérapeutes puis à identifier les préparations médicamenteuses utilisées dans le traitement des séquelles des AVC, à déterminer leurs caractéristiques ethnopharmacologiques, phytochimiques, leur potentiel antioxydant et leur toxicité pour une meilleure prise en charge des malades. Les résultats des enquêtes réalisées auprès de 20 phytothérapeutes du Programme National de Promotion de la Médecine Traditionnelle (PNPMT) ont montré que l’hypertension artérielle est la principale cause des AVC et l’hémiplégie, la séquelle majeure. Parmi les 36 préparations collectées, 10 parmi les extraits aqueux ont fait l’objet de tests. Les résultats indiquent la présence de polyphénols, de flavonoïdes, de tanins, de stérols et de saponosides dans toutes les préparations. Daoutra Fort et Daoutra 3 sont celles qui ont présenté les teneurs les plus élevées en polyphénols (173913,8 et 151456,9 µg EAG/g MS) et en flavonoïdes (77,13 %et 75,07 %). Les résultats indiquent également que Ballo (CI50 = 0,0280 mg/mL), Daoutra Fort (0,0409 mg/mL) et Daoutra 3 (0,0593 mg/mL) présentent d’importants potentiels antioxydants. Les tests de toxicité aigüe ont indiqué que, pour les préparations, la DL50 est supérieure à 5000 mg/kg de pc. Elles peuvent être considérées comme non toxiques par voie orale. ABSTRACT Stroke are a public health emergency. The present work aims to evaluate, in the Ivorian pharmacopoeia, the knowledge of phytotherapists then to identify the medicinal preparations used in the treatment of the sequelae of stroke, to determine their ethnopharmacological and phytochemical characteristics, their antioxidant potential and their toxicity for a better taking in charge of the sick. The results of surveys carried out with 20 phytotherapists from the National Program for the Promotion of Traditional Medicine (PNPMT) showed that high blood pressure is the main cause of stroke and hemiplegia, the major sequel. Of the 36 Piba et al., 2020 Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences (J.Anim.Plant Sci. ISSN 2071-7024) Vol.46 (2): 8197-8211 https://doi.org/10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v46-2.4 8198 preparations collected, 10 of the aqueous extracts were tested. The results indicate the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and saponosides in all preparations. Daoutra Fort and Daoutra 3 are those which presented the highest contents of polyphenols (173,913.8 and 151,456.9 µg EAG / g DM) and of flavonoids (77.13% and 75.07%). The results also indicate that Ballo (IC50 = 0.0280 mg / mL), Daoutra Fort (0.0409 mg / mL) and Daoutra 3 (0.0593 mg / mL) exhibit significant antioxidant potential. Acute toxicity testing indicated that for preparations the DL50 is greater than 5000 mg / kg bw. They can be considered nontoxic by the oral route.

Effects of Crude Aqueous Extract of Cola Acuminata Pods on the Reproductive System of Male Albino Rats

Background and Aims: Cola acuminata pod extract (CAPE) is used in Nigerian traditional medicine to treat low sperm count in males. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of CAPE on the reproductive system of male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Preliminary acute toxicity testing, phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, and determination of vitamin E concentration were performed on the extract. Three groups (I, II, and III) of 12 rats were used in the study. Each group comprised three batches (A, B, and C) of 4 rats each for different periods (4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively). Results: Acute toxicity testing showed that CAPE had an oral lethal dose of 50% (LD50) of >5 g/kg body weight (b.wt) in rats. Vitamin E concentration was 0.511 mg/l. The caudal epididymal sperm count increased marginally from 4 to 6 weeks for rats treated with 800 mg/kg b.wt., but reduced significantly at 8 weeks for both CAPE treatment groups (II and III) (p<0.05) compared with the control group (I). Significant reduction (p<0.05) of sperm motility and serum testosterone levels at 8 weeks were observed. The histology of the reproductive organs revealed evident histo-architectural changes. Conclusions: These results suggest that the aqueous pod extract of Cola acuminata causes marked alterations in reproductive organs and shows antispermatogenic and antiandrogenic effects when administered orally over 8 weeks in mature male rats leading to contradicting its use as a traditional remedy for low sperm count in males.

An effect-analysis method for species-dependent coral health status in temperature and ammonia: a case study of Acropora sp., Turbinaria sp., and Porites sp.

This research aimed to study the effects of temperature and ammonia on the health status of Acropora sp., Turbinaria sp., and Porites sp. by using acute toxicity testing (50% Lethal Concentration: LC50). The acute effects were monitored at temperatures of 30°C and 33°C at 24 and 48 hrs. The concentrations of ammonia varied at 0 0.05 0.07 and 0.1 mgN/L, respectively. The active polyp percentages of Acropora sp. was analyzed with comparison to the health status percentages. According to the findings at 30°C (24 and 48 hrs) and 33°C (24 hrs), the LC50 could not be investigated because the mortality percentages was not below 50%. On the other hand, at 33°C (48 hrs), the LC50 could be evaluated because the mortality percentages exceeded 50%. Therefore, the LC50 at 48 hrs of Acropora sp., Turbinaria sp., and Porites sp. were equal to 0.043, 0.075 and 0.054 mgN/L, respectively.