Methodological Challenges in Studying Long-term Effects of Breast-Feeding

2008 ◽  
pp. 121-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Methodological Challenges

Programming effect of breast-feeding in infant nutrition policy documents in Hungary

2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (41) ◽  
pp. 1641-1647
Author(s):  
Viktória Jakobik ◽  
Elena Martin-Bautista ◽  
Heather Gage ◽  
Julia Von Rosen-Von Hoewel ◽  
Kirsi Laitinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Nutritional Programming ◽  
Positive Effects

Aims: To identify and describe infant feeding policy documents in Hungary and compare them to the documents of other four European countries (England, Finland, Germany and Spain). The question was also addressed how the phenomenon of nutritional programming was represented in the documents. Subjects: Policy documents on infant feeding were identified and analyzed in the five European countries by using uniform methods for searching and coding. Results: Twenty-six documents were identified: 4 in England, 2 in Finland, 9 in Germany, 6 in Hungary and 5 in Spain. Altogether 203 statements linked to references were identified: benefits of breast-feeding in general (24%), protection against infections (32%), long-term advantages like the prevention of diabetes (31%) or allergy (12%). Considerable variations were found within and between countries in the evaluation of the duration and character of the positive effects. The majority of the statements in the Hungarian documents referred either to the role of breast-feeding in infection protection (n = 8), or to long-term protective effects (n = 13). Conclusion: Policy documents in the study countries varied both in their extent and in the description of the long-term effects of infant nutrition. Majority of the documents failed to contain evidence based discussion of the phenomenon of early nutritional programming. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1641–1647.

scholarly journals Health effects of breast feeding for mothers: a critical review

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jane Heinig ◽  
Kathryn G. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Long Term Effects

AbstractLactation results in a number of physiological adaptations which exert direct effects on maternal health, some of which may confer both short and long term advantages for breast feeding mothers. Breast feeding in the early postpartum period promotes a more rapid return of the uterus to its prepregnant state through the actions of oxytocin. Breast feeding may also lead to a more rapid return to prepregnancy weight. Among studies that had good data on duration and intensity of lactation, the majority show a significant association between lactation and weight loss. However, there is no evidence that lactation prevents obesity. Lactation also affects glucose and lipid metabolism. The long term effects of these adaptations are unknown but may have implications for preventing subsequent development of diabetes and heart disease. Lactation delays the return of ovulation and significantly reduces fertility during the period of lactational amenorrhoea. This process is linked with feeding patterns and may therefore be affected by practices such as scheduled feedings and the timing of introduction of complementary foods. While the evidence from epidemiologic studies is mixed, several large studies have shown that extended lactation is associated with reduced risk of premenopausal breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers. Although bone mineralization declines during lactation, repletion takes place after weaning. As a result, breast feeding does not appear to cause long term depletion of bone nor does it increase risk of osteoporosis. Many of the physiological effects of lactation are dependent on the stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and milk removal and thus may vary with infant feeding practices. Well controlled studies are needed that include detailed information regarding infant feeding practices in addition to the total duration of any breast feeding. Future feeding recommendations should reflect careful consideration of how such practices affect both infant and maternal health.

scholarly journals Vliyanie perinatal'nykh faktorov na razvitieozhireniya vo vzroslom vozraste

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
A V Vitebskaya
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Obesity And Overweight ◽  
Preterm Newborns ◽  
Fat Mass Ratio

The studies of perinatal factors long-term effects on obesity development are summarized in this article. Maternal body mass and nutrition role during pregnancy was demonstrated in Dutch hunger studies and several works in vivo. The association between birth weight, obesity, and abdominal fat distribution in future life were demonstrated several times. Breast feeding duration and risk of obesity have inverse association, but excessive breast feeding also can increase obesity risk. Early accelerated weight gain and further risk of obesity are also associated. Based on the effect of nitrition in preterm newborns study and several works in vivo it is hypothesized that increased food consumption during infancy can program elevated leptin concentrations for fat mass ratio durng future life. Further investigations in this area can lead to breakthrough in solving the problem of obesity and overweight prophylaxis.

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