Geographic Variation and Behavioral Flexibility in Milkweed Bug Life Histories

1981 ◽  
pp. 57-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Dingle
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Milkweed Bug

Population Crosses and the Genetic Structure of Milkweed Bug Life Histories

1982 ◽  
pp. 209-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Dingle ◽  
William S. Blau ◽  
Carl Kice Brown ◽  
Joseph P. Hegmann
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Milkweed Bug

scholarly journals Similar foraging energetics of two sympatric albatrosses despite contrasting life histories and wind-mediated foraging strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (23) ◽  
pp. jeb228585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin E. Kroeger ◽  
Daniel E. Crocker ◽  
Rachael A. Orben ◽  
David R. Thompson ◽  
Leigh G. Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Ocean Environment

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the environmental and behavioral factors that influence how organisms maintain energy balance can inform us about their potential resiliency to rapid environmental changes. Flexibility in maintaining energy balance is particularly important to long-lived, central-place foraging seabirds that are constrained when locating food for offspring in a dynamic ocean environment. To understand the role of environmental interactions, behavioral flexibility and morphological constraints on energy balance, we used doubly labeled water to measure the at-sea daily energy expenditure (DEE) of two sympatrically breeding seabirds, Campbell (Thalassarche impavida) and grey-headed (Thalassarchechrysostoma) albatrosses. We found that species and sexes had similar foraging costs, but DEE varied between years for both species and sexes during early chick rearing in two consecutive seasons. For both species, greater DEE was positively associated with larger proportional mass gain, lower mean wind speeds during water take-offs, greater proportions of strong tailwinds (>12 m s−1), and younger chick age. Greater proportional mass gains were marginally more costly in male albatrosses that already have higher wing loading. DEE was higher during flights with a greater proportion of strong headwinds for grey-headed albatrosses only. Poleward winds are forecasted to intensify over the next century, which may increase DEE for grey-headed albatrosses that heavily use this region during early chick rearing. Female Campbell albatrosses may be negatively affected by forecasted slackening winds at lower latitudes due to an expected greater reliance on less energy efficient sit-and-wait foraging strategies. Behavioral plasticity associated with environmental variation may influence future population responses to climate change of both species.

The Causes and Consequences of Geographic Variation in Antipredator Behavior: Perspectives from Fish Populations

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Margurran
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Antipredator Behavior ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Population Difference ◽  
Antipredator Responses

Predators are extremely effective agents of selection. After all, if an individual member of a prey species does not survive long enough to reproduce, it will have lost its chance (kin selection considerations apart) to bequeath its genes to future generations. It is not surprising, therefore, that many cases of population difference have been attributed to geographic variation in risk. These population differences can take a variety of forms and may, for example, involve modifications to morphology or to life-history traits. The correlation between armor and predation in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is one case that has been well documented (see Reimchen 1994 for a review and discussion), while another is the association between reproductive allotment and risk (Reznick and Endler 1982) and male color pattern and risk (Endler 1980) in the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata. However, such adaptations can be futile if they are not accompanied by effective antipredator behavior. For instance, a cryptic color pattern confers no advantage if its holder chooses the “wrong” background or behaves in a conspicuous manner. Behavior is also flexible in a way that life histories or morphology may not be, and it allows moment-to-moment changes in response as risk increases or decreases. Because it is such an important weapon in the evolutionary arms race, antipredator behavior provides important insights into the causes and consequences of natural selection. Some of the best examples of geographically variable antipredator responses occur in populations of freshwater fish (see, e.g., Bell and Foster 1994). The predation regime of these populations is relatively easy to classify—at least in terms of the presence and absence of predatory species—and the distribution of key predators can explain much of the documented variation in antipredator behavior (see p. 140). Covariance in predation regime and antipredator responses is compelling evidence for natural selection. Moreover, because predation regimes can change (or be manipulated) over relatively short periods of time, there is an opportunity to record heritable changes in antipredator responses—in other words, to watch evolution in action.

Population Crosses and the Genetic Structure of Milkweed Bug Life Histories

1982 ◽  
pp. 209-229
Author(s):  
Hugh Dingle ◽  
William S. Blau ◽  
Carl Kice Brown ◽  
Joseph P. Hegmann
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Milkweed Bug

Geographic variation in nesting behavior and reproductive biology of an insular iguana (Cyclura cychlura)

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 1566-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R. Knapp ◽  
J.B. Iverson ◽  
A.K. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Nesting Behavior ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Andros Island

Intraspecific comparisons among geographically separated populations of wide-ranging species are particularly useful in elucidating variation in behavioral and reproductive life histories resulting from proximate and ultimate causes. From 2001 to 2004, we investigated geographic variation in nesting behavior and reproductive biology of a large-bodied Bahamian iguana ( Cyclura cychlura Cuvier, 1829) inhabiting two distinct island systems varying in area, topography, and rainfall. Studies of C. cychlura cychlura were conducted on Andros Island (approx. 6000 km2; annual rainfall 1100 to 1300 mm) and the results were compared with those for C. cychlura inornata Barbour and Noble, 1916 inhabiting two cays (each <4 ha; annual rainfall <600 mm) in the northern Exuma Island chain (approx. 140 km distant). Female iguanas from Andros Island initiated oviposition 5 to 6 weeks earlier than females from the Exumas. The Andros Island population deposited eggs primarily in termitaria, whereas the lizards in the Exumas deposited eggs in subterranean sand chambers. Female iguanas from Andros deposited significantly more eggs per clutch, heavier total clutches, and wider eggs than conspecifics from the Exumas. Despite egg size differences, hatchling snout–vent length and body mass per clutch did not differ significantly between the Andros and Exuma populations. Our results support the hypothesis that proximate environmental factors play an important role in determining geographic variation associated with not only reproductive output but also reproductive behavior.

Life Histories of Patients With Chronic Ulcerative Colitis: A Review of 2,000 Cases

1950 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wyman P. Sloan ◽  
F. Arnold Bargen ◽  
Robert P. Gage
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Chronic Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Life Histories

FIT – Do Something Different

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben (C) Fletcher ◽  
Jill Hanson ◽  
Nadine Page ◽  
Karen Pine
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Behavioral Intervention ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Life Skill ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Additional Weight

Two 3-month longitudinal studies examined weight loss following a 1-month behavioral intervention (FIT-DSD) focusing on increasing participants’ behavioral flexibility and breaking daily habits. The goal was to break the distal habits hypothesized as playing a role in unhealthy dietary and activity behaviors. The FIT-DSD intervention required participants to do something different each day and to engage in novel weekly activities to expand their behavioral repertoire. These activities were not food- or exercise-related. In Study 1, the FIT-DSD program was compared with a control condition where participants engaged in daily tasks not expected to influence behavioral flexibility. Study 2 used an active or quasicontrol group in which half the participants were also on food diets. Measures in both studies were taken pre-, post-, and post-postintervention. In Study 1, FIT-DSD participants showed greater weight loss that continued post-postintervention. In Study 2, all participants on the FIT-DSD program lost weight, weight loss continued post-postintervention, and participants who were also dieting lost no additional weight. A dose relationship was observed between increases in behavioral flexibility scores and weight loss, and this relationship was mediated by calorie intake. Corresponding reductions in BMI were also present. Increasing behavioral flexibility may be an effective approach for tackling obesity and also provides affective and potential life-skill benefits.

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