2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladyslav A. Smiianov ◽  
Victoria A. Kurhanska ◽  
Olga I. Smiianova
Keyword(s):  

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Kseniia Artemivna Veklych

Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by an RNA−containing virus of the family Paramyxoviridae and Morbillivirus genus. The most proper way to stop it is a total vaccination. At the moment, live attenuated strains of the Enders − Schwartz measles virus are used to conduct it. Although they were developed more than 50 years ago, the vaccines in use today are effective enough to create a proper immune protection that can defend against an infection for decades, if the vaccination schedule is followed. The vast majority of measles outbreaks that have been reported in Europe over the last seven years have been caused by a lack of an immune response resulting from the unprecedented coverage of the population with vaccination. The measles outbreak observed in the adult and child population of Ukraine since December 2018 indicates the need and urgency of additional efforts to curb the spread and complete elimination of the measles virus. It has been determined that more than 95 % of the population should be vaccinated to ensure an elimination of measles virus and prevent the disease outbreaks after the virus has been imported from the countries that are still endemic to measles. It is noted that as a result of successful implementation of vaccination programs, the public's attention to measles is diminished even among physicians who sometimes have a rather dubious understanding of the disease symptoms. Ensuring a complete elimination of the measles virus requires the development and implementation of additional laboratory tests for immunity, development and realization of new, more polyvalent vaccines that are more readily accepted by population, increased awareness on safety and necessity of vaccination, as well as regulation. Key words: measles, immunity, elimination, epidemiological control, vaccination.


2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s431-s432
Author(s):  
Rachael Snyders ◽  
Hilary Babcock ◽  
Christopher Blank

Background: Immunization resistance is fueling a resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States, where several large measles outbreaks and 1,282 measles cases were reported in 2019. Concern about these measles outbreaks prompted a large healthcare organization to develop a preparedness plan to limit healthcare-associated transmission. Verification of employee rubeola immunity and immunization when necessary was prioritized because of transmission risk to nonimmune employees and role of the healthcare personnel in responding to measles cases. Methods: The organization employs ∼31,000 people in diverse settings. A multidisciplinary team was formed by infection prevention, infectious diseases, occupational health, and nursing departments to develop the preparedness plan. Immunity was monitored using a centralized database. Employees without evidence of immunity were asked to provide proof of vaccination, defined by the CDC as 2 appropriately timed doses of rubeola-containing vaccine, or laboratory confirmation of immunity. Employees were given 30 days to provide documentation or to obtain a titer at the organization’s expense. Staff with negative titers were given 2 weeks to coordinate with the occupational heath department for vaccination. Requests for medical or religious accommodations were evaluated by occupational heath staff, the occupational heath medical director, and the human resources department. All employees were included, though patient-interfacing employees in departments considered higher risk were prioritized. These areas were the emergency, dermatology, infectious diseases, labor and delivery, obstetrics, and pediatrics departments. Results: At the onset of the initiative in June 2019, 4,009 employees lacked evidence of immunity. As of November 2019, evidence of immunity had been obtained for 3,709 employees (92.5%): serological evidence of immunity was obtained for 2,856 (71.2%), vaccine was administered to 584 (14.6%), and evidence of previous vaccination was provided by 269 (6.7%). Evidence of immunity has not been documented for 300 (7.5%). The organization administered 3,626 serological tests and provided 997 vaccines, costing ∼$132,000. Disposition by serological testing is summarized in Table 1. Conclusions: A measles preparedness strategy should include proactive assessment of employees’ immune status. It is possible to expediently assess a large number of employees using a multidisciplinary team with access to a centralized database. Consideration may be given to prioritization of high-risk departments and patient-interfacing roles to manage workload.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None


BMC Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. N. Mburu ◽  
◽  
J. Ojal ◽  
R. Chebet ◽  
D. Akech ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted routine measles immunisation and supplementary immunisation activities (SIAs) in most countries including Kenya. We assessed the risk of measles outbreaks during the pandemic in Kenya as a case study for the African Region. Methods Combining measles serological data, local contact patterns, and vaccination coverage into a cohort model, we predicted the age-adjusted population immunity in Kenya and estimated the probability of outbreaks when contact-reducing COVID-19 interventions are lifted. We considered various scenarios for reduced measles vaccination coverage from April 2020. Results In February 2020, when a scheduled SIA was postponed, population immunity was close to the herd immunity threshold and the probability of a large outbreak was 34% (8–54). As the COVID-19 contact restrictions are nearly fully eased, from December 2020, the probability of a large measles outbreak will increase to 38% (19–54), 46% (30–59), and 54% (43–64) assuming a 15%, 50%, and 100% reduction in measles vaccination coverage. By December 2021, this risk increases further to 43% (25–56), 54% (43–63), and 67% (59–72) for the same coverage scenarios respectively. However, the increased risk of a measles outbreak following the lifting of all restrictions can be overcome by conducting a SIA with ≥ 95% coverage in under-fives. Conclusion While contact restrictions sufficient for SAR-CoV-2 control temporarily reduce measles transmissibility and the risk of an outbreak from a measles immunity gap, this risk rises rapidly once these restrictions are lifted. Implementing delayed SIAs will be critical for prevention of measles outbreaks given the roll-back of contact restrictions in Kenya.


2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (9) ◽  
pp. 1578-1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. STEIN-ZAMIR ◽  
H. SHOOB ◽  
N. ABRAMSON ◽  
G. ZENTNER

SUMMARYWe investigated a measles outbreak in the Jerusalem district in 2007–2008 (992 cases). Most cases (72·6%) were aged <15 years, 42·9% aged <5 years, and 12·8% were infants aged <1 year. The peak incidence rate was in infants aged 6–12 months (916·2/100 000). This represents a significant shift from former outbreaks in 2003–2004, where the peak incidence was in the 1–4 years age group. Of children aged <5 years the proportion aged 6–12 months tripled (7·7% vs. 25·6%). In a case-control study (74 cases, 148 controls) children who developed measles were less likely to be registered in a well-baby clinic and had lower overall immunization coverage. The differences in proportions for registration, DTaP3 and MMR1 coverage were 35·1%, 48·6% and 80·8%, respectively (all P<0·001). Rising birth order of cases and their siblings was associated with non-registration and non-compliance with MMR immunization. The vulnerability of young infants and the risk markers noted above should be taken into account in planning intervention programmes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272110059
Author(s):  
Stephen Ezeji-Okoye ◽  
Brittney L. Bilodeau ◽  
Divya K. Madhusudhan ◽  
Eileen Pruett ◽  
Sujith Thokala ◽  
...  

Objectives: The purpose of this cohort study was to evaluate measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and varicella immunity among a population of adult employees receiving primary care in an employer-sponsored health center. Methods: Participants were eligible for MMR and varicella immunity screening if they were an employee receiving primary care in an employer-sponsored health center between January 1, 2019 and November 1, 2020 who could not provide proof of immunization and 1) had it recommended by their provider, 2) specifically requested immunity testing (often because they had heard of measles outbreaks in their country of origin), or 3) were seen for an immigration physical for their Green Card application. Results: Overall, 3494 patients were screened for their MMR immunity. Of these, 3057 were also screened for varicella immunity. Among these patients, 13.9% lacked measles immunity, 0.83% lacked immunity to all 3 components of MMR, and 13.2% lacked varicella immunity. Among the 262 patients who presented specifically for immunity screening, the rates of lacking immunity were higher for all conditions: 22.7% lacked measles immunity and 9.2% lacked varicella immunity. Conclusion: Given declines in immunizations during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is reason to be concerned that measles and varicella-associated morbidity and mortality may rise. Employers, especially those with large foreign-born populations or who require international travel may want to educate their populations about common contagious illnesses and offer immunity validation or vaccinations at no or low cost.


2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benn Sartorius ◽  
C Cohen ◽  
T Chirwa ◽  
G Ntshoe ◽  
A Puren ◽  
...  

1989 ◽  
Vol 320 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauri E. Markowitz ◽  
Stephen R. Preblud ◽  
Walter A. Orenstein ◽  
Elizabeth Z. Rovira ◽  
Nancy C. Adams ◽  
...  

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