MEASLES VIRUS ELIMINATION: RESOLVED ISSUES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Kseniia Artemivna Veklych
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Complete Elimination ◽  
Virus Elimination ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by an RNA−containing virus of the family Paramyxoviridae and Morbillivirus genus. The most proper way to stop it is a total vaccination. At the moment, live attenuated strains of the Enders − Schwartz measles virus are used to conduct it. Although they were developed more than 50 years ago, the vaccines in use today are effective enough to create a proper immune protection that can defend against an infection for decades, if the vaccination schedule is followed. The vast majority of measles outbreaks that have been reported in Europe over the last seven years have been caused by a lack of an immune response resulting from the unprecedented coverage of the population with vaccination. The measles outbreak observed in the adult and child population of Ukraine since December 2018 indicates the need and urgency of additional efforts to curb the spread and complete elimination of the measles virus. It has been determined that more than 95 % of the population should be vaccinated to ensure an elimination of measles virus and prevent the disease outbreaks after the virus has been imported from the countries that are still endemic to measles. It is noted that as a result of successful implementation of vaccination programs, the public's attention to measles is diminished even among physicians who sometimes have a rather dubious understanding of the disease symptoms. Ensuring a complete elimination of the measles virus requires the development and implementation of additional laboratory tests for immunity, development and realization of new, more polyvalent vaccines that are more readily accepted by population, increased awareness on safety and necessity of vaccination, as well as regulation. Key words: measles, immunity, elimination, epidemiological control, vaccination.

An Evaluation of Measles Revaccination Among School-entry-aged Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-618
Author(s):  
John C. Watson ◽  
John A. Pearson ◽  
Lauri E. Markowitz ◽  
Andrew L. Baughman ◽  
Dean D. Erdman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Schedule ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Vaccination Time

Background. A two dose measles vaccination schedule is recommended routinely for all schoolentry-aged children. We evaluated this recommendation by determining both measles antibody seroprevalence and the response to revaccination in seronegative children in this age group. Methods. Children 4 to 6 years of age who had received a single dose of measles vaccine between the ages of 15 to 17 months were tested for measles antibody by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) microneutralization technique. Seronegative children were revaccinated and again tested for measles antibody (immunoglobulin M [IgM] and neutralizing). Results. Of 679 children tested, 37 (5.4%) were seronegative. Seronegativity was not significantly associated with age, sex, race, age at initial vaccination, time since vaccinalion, or maternal year of birth. However, children of mothers with a college degree were 12 times more likely to be seronegative than children of mothers who never attended college (P< .01). Of the 37 seronegative children, 36 seroconverted after revaccination—33 producing IgM measles antibody, suggestive of a primary immune response. The cost per seroconversion would have been an estimated $415 if all 679 children had been revaccinated. Conclusions. Revaccination reduces the pool of children who are susceptible to measles. Although the cost per seroconversion is high, a two-dose schedule should reduce the substantial costs of controlling measles outbreaks by reducing the number of outbreaks.

scholarly journals Genetic Analysis of the Measles Virus From the Outbreaks in South Korea, 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong-Min Kim ◽  
Sehee Park ◽  
Sujin Kim ◽  
Kye Ryeong Park ◽  
Jin-Sook Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Phylogenetic Clustering ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
H Gene ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
Clustering Patterns

Three genotypes (B3, D8, and H1) of the measles virus (MeV) have recently caused global outbreaks. In Korea, four measles outbreaks were reported during 2018–2019 and most patients were infants and health care workers in their 20s and 30s. To investigate the genetic characteristics and molecular epidemiology of the outbreaks, we analyzed the sequence of MeVs by targeting the N-450, MF-NCR, and/or H gene regions. Considering their phylogenetic relationships, besides the N-450 and MF-NCR sequences that are commonly used for genotyping MeVs, the MF-NCR-H sequence was related to the dynamics for identifying the transmission of MeVs. Phylogenetic clustering patterns reconstructed from the MF-NCR-H sequence set revealed that genotype D8 caused three of the four outbreaks, while B3 seemed to have induced the fourth outbreak. These results suggest that the MF-NCR-H sequence is useful for rapid confirmation of measles outbreaks and to identify the epidemiological routes of MeVs.

scholarly journals Research on the impact of artificial intelligence on the business model of an organization

E-Management ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
A. A. Dashkov ◽  
Yu. O. Nesterova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
New Ways Of Working ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Physical Assets ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact

The digital transformation of our world and the inevitable interaction between people, digital technologies and physical assets create a rapidly changing and complex environment that requires organizations to be more flexible, better fit and ready to accept new ways of working. Businesses are coming to realize the need for change to operate successfully in the digital age. In the period of global digitalization, information and communication technologies are one of the most important aspects of existence for a business, which makes it more efficient, efficient and allows you to respond quickly to a rapidly changing external environment, as well as customer needs. At the moment, there is a high interest in the possibilities of artificial intelligence for use in business tasks in the world, as there are already examples of successful implementation, when Artificial Intelligence and machine learning radically change the way they work and increase the profit of organizations in different countries.The purpose of this study is to consider how artificial intelligence affects the value proposition and how the elements of the business model change when using this technology. The paper gives the existing examples of the use of technology, the consequences of its application and the emerging prospects for the use of Artificial Intelligence as one of the advanced technologies of digital transformation.

scholarly journals Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Immunoglobulin M Antibodies against Measles Virus

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Roodbari ◽  
M. H. Roustai ◽  
A. Mostafaie ◽  
H. Soleimanjdahi ◽  
R. Sarrami Foroshani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Maculopapular Rash ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Elisa System

ABSTRACT Measles is a highly contagious respiratory virus infection, with typical clinical symptoms including maculopapular rash, fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Despite implementation of widespread vaccination programs throughout the world, the rates of global morbidity and mortality are still considerable. This study was performed to design a reliable indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure measles-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM). First, human IgM was purified, and then an anti-IgM antibody was produced in rabbits and purified in a multistep process. The rabbit IgG against human IgM was conjugated with peroxidase. Measles virus-infected Vero cells produced viral antigen. One hundred serum samples from infants of 9 to 18 months of age, mostly vaccinated, were evaluated for determining the presence of specific IgM antibodies against measles virus. The samples were also evaluated for neutralizing antibodies against measles virus by a microneutralization test (MNT). By comparing the results of the ELISA with those of MNT, it was demonstrated that ELISA had a sensitivity and specificity of 100 and 92%, respectively. On the other hand, when the results obtained by our ELISA system were compared with those of an imported measles virus IgM ELISA kit (EIAgen; Adaltis Italia SPa, Bologna, Italy), a high level of agreement was shown (k = 0.926).

RISK ASSESSMENT OF SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF SPOOFING ATTACKS ON VOICE AUTHENTICATION ELEMENTS IN DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Александр Александрович Хайдаров ◽  
Сергей Александрович Бодячевский ◽  
Николай Николаевич Толстых
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Load Testing ◽  
Biometric Systems ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distributed Computer Systems

Цель исследования заключается в рекомендациях по улучшению мер защиты голосовых систем аутентификации от реализации спуфинг-атак. В работе рассмотрены разнообразные виды спуфинг-атак и выделены самые опасные на данный момент. Разработана методика оценки защищенности голосовых систем аутентификации, учитывающая воздействие различных видов спуфиг-атак на системы голосовой аутентификации. Проведены количественные эксперименты, показывающие преимущество разработанной методики, в сравнении с существующими аналогами. Описан комплекс программных средств оценки защищенности систем голосовой аутентификации, который позволяет автоматизировать процесс оценки при проведении технологических испытаний. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы не только для оценки защищенности систем голосовой аутентификации, но и для проведения функционального и нагрузочного тестирования. Применение предложенного комплекса и методики оценки в дальнейшем может помочь в разработке технических решений по увеличению защищенности голосовых биометрических систем от реализации спуфинг-атак. The purpose of the study is to provide recommendations for improving the protection of voice authentication systems against spoofing attacks. The paper considers various types of spoofing attacks and identifies the most dangerous ones at the moment. A method for assessing the security of voice authentication systems has been developed, taking into account the impact of various types of spoofing attacks on voice authentication systems. Quantitative experiments were carried out, showing the advantage of the developed method in comparison with existing analogues. A set of software tools for assessing the security of voice authentication systems is described, which allows you to automate the evaluation process during technological tests. The results obtained can be used not only to assess the security of voice authentication systems, but also to conduct functional and load testing. The use of the proposed complex and evaluation methodology in the future can help in the development of technical solutions to increase the security of voice biometric systems from spoofing attacks.

Recent measles outbreaks in the United States: A look at the causes and responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 491-496
Author(s):  
Tracy Perron ◽  
Heather Larovere ◽  
Victoria Guerra ◽  
Kathleen Kilfeather ◽  
Nicole Pare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

As measles cases continue to rise in the United States and elsewhere, public health officials, health care providers and elected officials alike are facing critical questions of how to protect the health of the public from current and future vaccine preventable disease outbreaks while still preserving the religious and personal autonomy of the populations they serve. As measles cases are being examined and carefully managed, public health officials are also tasked with revisiting vaccination policies and agendas to determine the best evidence-based interventions to control this epidemic. To determine the best course of action for the public's interest, research and current literature must be examined to protect and promote the health and wellbeing of those currently affected by the measles outbreak and those yet to be exposed.

scholarly journals The FOCAC Process and Sino-African Strategic Partnership

2016 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 259-276
Author(s):  
Garth Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
To Come ◽  
Trade And Investment

Historical records confirm that China’s increasing engagement with Africa through growing trade and investment has been a major boost for African economies. China’s comprehensive commitment to Africa through the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) has also made significant contribution to Africa’s overall economic development. The constructivist approach underpinning this paper suggests that FOCAC’s evolution can be positively shaped by all active participants toward increased mutual benefit and positive outcomes. With all the consensuses and commitments reached at the Johannesburg FOCAC summit (FOCAC VI) held in December 2015, a stronger Sino-African partnership is expected to take shape as both sides take efforts to enhance their win-win cooperation. The key future challenges for China and Africa are to implement the FOCAC VI Action Plan and develop a long-term FOCAC agenda which will broaden and strengthen win-win outcomes in the years to come. At the same time, Africa should try its best to ensure the successful implementation of FOCAC projects and facilitate China’s engagement, for a business-friendly environment in Africa, whether in policy, legal or social aspects, is the key to promoting the Sino-African strategic partnership and enhancing sustainable development of the African continent.

scholarly journals Measles Virus Infection and Immunity in a Suboptimal Vaccination Coverage Setting

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monia Pacenti ◽  
Nataskya Maione ◽  
Enrico Lavezzo ◽  
Elisa Franchin ◽  
Federico Dal Bello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Veneto Region ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

Despite efforts to improve surveillance and vaccination coverage, measles virus (MeV) continues to cause outbreaks also in high-income countries. As the reference laboratory of the Veneto Region, Italy, we analyzed changes in population immunity, described measles outbreaks, investigated MeV genetic diversity, and evaluated cross-protection of measles vaccination against MeV epidemic strains. Like most European areas, the Veneto Region has suboptimal measles vaccination coverage and is facing a growing public mistrust of vaccination. A progressive decline of measles vaccine uptake was observed during the last decade in the Veneto Region, leading to immunity gaps in children and young adults. Measles outbreaks were caused by the same MeV genotype B3, D4, and D8 strains that were circulating in other European countries. Eleven cases of measles were observed in immunized subjects. These cases were not associated with particular MeV genotypes nor with mutations in epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies. Accordingly, sera from fully vaccinated subjects cross-neutralized epidemic MeV strains, including the genotypes B3, D4, and D8, with the same high efficiency demonstrated against the vaccine strain. In fully vaccinated subjects, high MeV IgG antibody titers persisted up to 30 years following vaccination. These results support the use of the current measles-containing vaccines and strategies to strengthen vaccination.

scholarly journals Responding to measles outbreaks in underserved Roma and Romanian populations in England: the critical role of community understanding and engagement

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadie Bell ◽  
Vanessa Saliba ◽  
Gail Evans ◽  
Stephen Flanagan ◽  
Sam Ghebrehewet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Engagement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Underserved Communities ◽  
Outbreak Management ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

Abstract Since 2016, the European Region has experienced large-scale measles outbreaks. Several measles outbreaks in England during 2017/18 specifically affected Romanian and Romanian Roma communities. In this qualitative interview study, we looked at the effectiveness of outbreak responses and efforts to promote vaccination uptake amongst these underserved communities in three English cities: Birmingham, Leeds and Liverpool. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 33 providers involved in vaccination delivery and outbreak management in these cities. Interviews were analysed thematically and factors that influenced the effectiveness of responses were categorised into five themes: (1) the ability to identify the communities, (2) provider knowledge and understanding of the communities, (3) the co-ordination of response efforts and partnership working, (4) links to communities and approaches to community engagement and (5) resource constraints. We found that effective partnership working and community engagement were key to the prevention and management of vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks in the communities. Effective engagement was found to be compromised by cuts to public health spending and services for underserved communities. To increase uptake in under-vaccinated communities, local knowledge and engagement are vital to build trust and relationships. Local partners must work proactively to identify, understand and build connections with communities.

scholarly journals Rapid Identification of Measles Virus Vaccine Genotype by Real-Time PCR

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicia Roy ◽  
Lillian Mendoza ◽  
Joanne Hiebert ◽  
Rebecca J. McNall ◽  
Bettina Bankamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Measles Outbreaks ◽  
Genotype A

ABSTRACT During measles outbreaks, it is important to be able to rapidly distinguish between measles cases and vaccine reactions to avoid unnecessary outbreak response measures such as case isolation and contact investigations. We have developed a real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) method specific for genotype A measles virus (MeV) (MeVA RT-quantitative PCR [RT-qPCR]) that can identify measles vaccine strains rapidly, with high throughput, and without the need for sequencing to determine the genotype. We have evaluated the method independently in three measles reference laboratories using two platforms, the Roche LightCycler 480 system and the Applied Biosystems (ABI) 7500 real-time PCR system. In comparison to the standard real-time RT-PCR method, the MeVA RT-qPCR showed 99.5% specificity for genotype A and 94% sensitivity for both platforms. The new assay was able to detect RNA from five currently used vaccine strains, AIK-C, CAM-70, Edmonston-Zagreb, Moraten, and Shanghai-191. The MeVA RT-qPCR assay has been used successfully for measles surveillance in reference laboratories, and it could be readily deployed to national and subnational laboratories on a wide scale.

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