scholarly journals Identifying high-risk areas for sporadic measles outbreaks: lessons from South Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benn Sartorius ◽  
C Cohen ◽  
T Chirwa ◽  
G Ntshoe ◽  
A Puren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Measles Outbreaks

scholarly journals An Alternative Risk Assessment Model of Urban Waterlogging: A Case Study of Ningbo City

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 826
Author(s):  
Meiling Zhou ◽  
Xiuli Feng ◽  
Kaikai Liu ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Lijian Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Risk Assessment Model ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
The City

Influenced by climate change, extreme weather events occur frequently, and bring huge impacts to urban areas, including urban waterlogging. Conducting risk assessments of urban waterlogging is a critical step to diagnose problems, improve infrastructure and achieve sustainable development facing extreme weathers. This study takes Ningbo, a typical coastal city in the Yangtze River Delta, as an example to conduct a risk assessment of urban waterlogging with high-resolution remote sensing images and high-precision digital elevation models to further analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of waterlogging risk. Results indicate that waterlogging risk in the city proper of Ningbo is mainly low risk, accounting for 36.9%. The higher-risk and medium-risk areas have the same proportions, accounting for 18.7%. They are followed by the lower-risk and high-risk areas, accounting for 15.5% and 9.6%, respectively. In terms of space, waterlogging risk in the city proper of Ningbo is high in the south and low in the north. The high-risk area is mainly located to the west of Jiangdong district and the middle of Haishu district. The low-risk area is mainly distributed in the north of Jiangbei district. These results are consistent with the historical situation of waterlogging in Ningbo, which prove the effectiveness of the risk assessment model and provide an important reference for the government to prevent and mitigate waterlogging. The optimized risk assessment model is also of importance for waterlogging risk assessments in coastal cities. Based on this model, the waterlogging risk of coastal cities can be quickly assessed, combining with local characteristics, which will help improve the city’s capability of responding to waterlogging disasters and reduce socio-economic loss.

scholarly journals Problem-Orientated Antenatal Notekeeping: A Useful Primary Health Care Tool

Curationis ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.V. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
Antenatal Screening ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Risk Patients

It has recently been demonstrated that about 56 percent of patients delivering in a rural obstetric unit had significant risk factors, and that 85 percent of these could have been detected by meticulous antenatal screening before the onset of labour. These figures show that the average rural obstetric unit in South Africa is dealing with a large percentage of high risk patients. In this work, it is hampered by: 1. Communications problems: i.e. bad roads, long distances. and unpredictable telephones. 2. A serious shortage of medical staff resulting in primary obstetric care being delivered by midwives with minimal medical supervision.

scholarly journals High risk exposure to HIV among sexually active individuals who tested negative on rapid HIV Tests in the Tshwane District of South Africa—The importance of behavioural prevention measures

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e0192357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simnikiwe H. Mayaphi ◽  
Desmond J. Martin ◽  
Steve A. S. Olorunju ◽  
Brian G. Williams ◽  
Thomas C. Quinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Prevention Measures

Esophageal cancer in high-risk areas of China: research progress and challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingsong Lin ◽  
Yukari Totsuka ◽  
Baoen Shan ◽  
Chaochen Wang ◽  
Wenqiang Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Risk Areas

Small-Area Analysis: Targeting High-Risk Areas for Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Programs

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Gould ◽  
Beate Herrchen ◽  
Tanya Pham ◽  
Stephan Bera ◽  
Claire Brindis
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Adolescent Pregnancy ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Pregnancy Prevention ◽  
Small Area Analysis ◽  
Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention ◽  
Risk Areas

scholarly journals Development of a clinical feeding assessment scale for very young infants in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Viviers ◽  
Alta Kritzinger ◽  
Bart Vinck
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Risk ◽  
South African ◽  
Delphi Method ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Assessment Scale ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Feeding Assessment

Background: There is a need for validated neonatal feeding assessment instruments in South Africa. A locally developed instrument may contribute to standardised evaluation procedures of high-risk neonates and address needs in resource constrained developing settings.Objective: The aim of the study was to develop and validate the content of a clinical feeding assessment scale to diagnose oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) in neonates.Method: The Neonatal Feeding Assessment Scale (NFAS) was developed using the Delphi method. Five international and South African speech-language therapists (SLTs) formed the expert panel, participating in two rounds of electronic questionnaires to develop and validate the content of the NFAS.Results: All participants agreed on the need for the development of a valid clinical feeding assessment instrument to use with the neonatal population. The initial NFAS consisted of 240 items across 8 sections, and after the Delphi process was implemented, the final format was reduced to 211 items across 6 sections. The final format of the NFAS is scored using a binary scoring system guiding the clinician to diagnose the presence or absence of OPD. All members agreed on the format, the scoring system and the feeding constructs addressed in the revised final format of the NFAS.Conclusion: The Delphi method and the diverse clinical and research experience of participants could be integrated to develop the NFAS which may be used in clinical practice in South Africa or similar developing contexts. Because of demographically different work settings marked by developed versus developing contexts, participants did not have the same expectations of a clinical dysphagia assessment. The international participants contributed to evidence-based content development. Local participants considered the contextual challenges of South African SLTs entering the field with basic competencies in neonatal dysphagia management, thereby justifying a comprehensive clinical instrument. The NFAS is aimed at clinicians working in Neonatal Intensive Care Units where they manage large caseloads of high-risk neonates. Further validation of the NFAS is recommended to determine its criterion validity in comparison with a widely accepted standard such as the modified barium swallow study.

scholarly journals Risk factors of acute diarrhoea in summer – a nation-wide French case-control study

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. YAZDANPANAH ◽  
L. BEAUGERIE ◽  
P. Y. BOËLLE ◽  
L. LETRILLIART ◽  
J. C. DESENCLOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
National Level ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Case Control ◽  
French Case ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Control Study

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for acute diarrhoea (AD) during the summer in France. A matched case-control study was conducted at a national level among patients of 500 general practitioners (GPs). From July to September 1996, 468 case-control pairs were included. Cases were more likely than controls (i) to live away from their main residence (OR 3·0; 95% CI 1·6–5·7), (ii) to have returned from a country at high risk of AD (OR 4·6; CI 0·9–23·1), and (iii) to have been in contact with a case of AD (OR 2·0; CI 1·3–3·1). A significantly decreased risk of AD was found for consumption of well-cooked chicken (OR 0·5; CI 0·3–0·8) and raw or undercooked home-made egg-containing products (OR 0·6; CI 0·4–0·8). These findings suggest that travel to high-risk areas, or travel within France, and being in contact with a case of AD, are risk factors for the occurrence of AD in summer in France.

Hepatitis A

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-142
Author(s):  
Stephanie Hammond
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Health Nurse ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Occupational Health Nurse ◽  
Liver Infection

Hepatitis A is a vaccine preventable liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The occupational health nurse should be aware of the signs and symptoms of the virus, educate workers about the infection, and recommend immunization for workers traveling or working in high-risk areas for hepatitis A.

South African survey on disinfection techniques for the flexible nasopharyngoscope

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (10) ◽  
pp. 811-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darlene E. Lubbe ◽  
Johannes J. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Risk ◽  
South African ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Real Risk ◽  
Disinfection Process ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Disinfectant Solution ◽  
Random Survey

This random survey was to determine the flexible nasopharyngoscope disinfection practice employed by South African otolaryngologists and to establish whether a breach in the disinfection process exists. The study also aimed to identify organisms most likely to be transmitted via endoscopy and to propose a protocol for the disinfection of the flexible nasopharyngoscope.A questionnaire regarding disinfection techniques used for the flexible nasopharyngoscope was sent to 90 otolaryngologists in South Africa. All provinces were equally represented in the survey.Forty-five otolaryngologists out of a total of 90 participated in the study. Many of the otolaryngologists had no access to a flexible nasopharyngoscope and were therefore not included in the study. Fewer than 50 per cent of the 45 surgeons washed the instrument with soap/detergent and water after use. Only 42 per cent of surgeons used a FDA-approved disinfectant, 52 per cent of which immersed the scope for a shorter period than the recommended contact time. Of the 58 per cent using non-FDA-approved products, 33 per cent used only a 70 per cent Isopropyl alcohol wipe, without immersion of the scope in disinfectant solution. The remaining 25 per cent used non-FDA-approved disinfectants either by wiping or limited immersion of the scope. Of the 45 surgeons, 49 per cent used a different method of disinfection for high-risk patients.Strict guidelines have been proposed for the disinfection of this semi-critical device by the Association of Professionals for Infection Control (APIC) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). These guidelines are currently not being followed by many South African otolaryngologists. There is therefore a real risk of transmitting infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis, via endoscopy.

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