Negative Rejections of Cations in the Ultrafiltration of Gelatin and Salt Solutions

1980 ◽  
pp. 353-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Akred ◽  
A. G. Fane ◽  
J. P. Friend
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solutions

Isomorphous replacement in electron diffraction of wet crystals of rat hemoglobin

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 446-447
Author(s):  
William F. Tivol ◽  
Murray Vernon King ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Heavy Atom ◽  
Isomorphous Substitution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Isomorphous Replacement ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Diffraction Structure ◽  
The Mean

Feasibility of isomorphous substitution in electron diffraction is supported by a calculation of the mean alteration of the electron-diffraction structure factors for hemoglobin crystals caused by substituting two mercury atoms per molecule, following Green, Ingram & Perutz, but with allowance for the proportionality of f to Z3/4 for electron diffraction. This yields a mean net change in F of 12.5%, as contrasted with 22.8% for x-ray diffraction.Use of the hydration chamber in electron diffraction opens prospects for examining many proteins that yield only very thin crystals not suitable for x-ray diffraction. Examination in the wet state avoids treatments that could cause translocation of the heavy-atom labels or distortion of the crystal. Combined with low-fluence techniques, it enables study of the protein in a state as close to native as possible.We have undertaken a study of crystals of rat hemoglobin by electron diffraction in the wet state. Rat hemoglobin offers a certain advantage for hydration-chamber work over other hemoglobins in that it can be crystallized from distilled water instead of salt solutions.

Bulk standards for low-temperature biological x-ray microanalysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
P. Echlin ◽  
M. McKoon ◽  
E.S. Taylor ◽  
C.E. Thomas ◽  
K.L. Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Analytical Procedures ◽  
Electrical Conductors

Although sections of frozen salt solutions have been used as standards for x-ray microanalysis, such solutions are less useful when analysed in the bulk form. They are poor thermal and electrical conductors and severe phase separation occurs during the cooling process. Following a suggestion by Whitecross et al we have made up a series of salt solutions containing a small amount of graphite to improve the sample conductivity. In addition, we have incorporated a polymer to ensure the formation of microcrystalline ice and a consequent homogenity of salt dispersion within the frozen matrix. The mixtures have been used to standardize the analytical procedures applied to frozen hydrated bulk specimens based on the peak/background analytical method and to measure the absolute concentration of elements in developing roots.

Solution behavior of quenched or strongly charged polyampholytes in aqueous-salt solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Toleutay ◽  
◽  
A.V. Shakhvorostov ◽  
S.K. Kabdrakhmanova ◽  
S.E. Kudaibergenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Solution Behavior ◽  
Aqueous Salt Solutions

Innovative and sustainable concept of regeneration of decolorization ion exchange resins

2012 ◽  
pp. 381-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Theoleyre ◽  
Anne Gonin ◽  
Dominique Paillat
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Nanofiltration Membranes ◽  
Industrial Efficiency ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Multiple Effect ◽  
Exchange Resins

Regeneration of resins used for decolorization of sugar solutions is done with concentrated salt solutions. Nanofiltration membranes have been proven effective, in terms of industrial efficiency in decreasing salt consumption. More than 90% of the salt that is necessary for regeneration can be recycled through a combination of direct recycling of intermediate eluates, the separation of colored compounds by use of very selective nanofiltration membranes and a multiple-effect evaporation of salty permeates. The desalted color compound solution is sent to the molasses, limiting considerably the effluent to be treated. Starting from a liquor of 800 IU, the water requirement is limited to less than 100 L/t of sugar and the amount of wastewater can be reduced to less than 40 L/t of sugar.

Innovative concepts of regeneration of decolorization ion exchange resins in sugar refineries

2016 ◽  
pp. 377-380
Author(s):  
Marc André Théoleyre ◽  
Anne Gonin ◽  
Dominique Paillat
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Nanofiltration Membranes ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Multiple Effect ◽  
Exchange Resins

Regeneration of resins used for decolorization of sugar solutions is done with concentrated salt solutions. Nanofiltration membranes have been proven effective, in terms of industrial efficiency in decreasing salt consumption. More than 90% of the salt that is necessary for regeneration can be recycled through a combination of direct recycling of intermediate eluates, the separation of colored compounds by use of very selective nanofiltration membranes and a system to concentrate salty permeates. According to specific local conditions on energy supply and cost, the concentration of salty permeates can be either a multiple effect evaporator or a combination of electrodialysis and reverse osmosis. The desalted color compound solution is sent to the molasses, limiting considerably the effluent to be treated. Starting from a liquor of 800 IU, the water requirement is limited to less than 100 L/t of sugar and the amount of wastewater can be reduced to less than 40 L/t of sugar.

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