An Introduction to Poliovirus: Pathogenesis, Vaccination, and the Endgame for Global Eradication

Abstract Measles causes a substantial disease burden for all countries, while mortality is greatest in underserved, marginalized populations. Global measles eradication is feasible and the strategies critically rely upon well-functioning national immunisation programs and surveillance systems. All six regions of the World Health Organisation have adopted measles elimination targets. The Rule of Rescue and the principle of justice leave no ethical place for health programs, governments, global public health bodies or donors to hide if they impede efforts to eradicate measles globally by not taking all necessary actions to establish a global eradication target and committing the resources essential to achieve this goal.

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Local Resistance to the Global Eradication of Polio: Newspaper Coverage of the 2003–2004 Vaccination Stoppage in Northern Nigeria

Health Communication ◽

10.1080/10410236.2011.566830 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 743-753 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

James Olumide Olufowote

Keyword(s):

Newspaper Coverage ◽

Northern Nigeria ◽

Local Resistance ◽

Global Eradication

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African Studies Keyword: Malaria

African Studies Review ◽

10.1017/asr.2021.133 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 959-985

Author(s):

Melissa Graboyes ◽

Zainab Alidina

Keyword(s):

African Continent ◽

Historical Knowledge ◽

Truth Telling ◽

The Past ◽

Moral Problems ◽

History Of ◽

Global Eradication ◽

Biomedical Interventions ◽

Scientific Questions

AbstractFrom nearly any perspective and metric, the effects of malaria on the African continent have been persistent and deep. By focusing on the malady of malaria and the last century of biomedical interventions, Graboyes and Alidina raise critical historical, ethical, and scientific questions related to truth telling, African autonomy, and the obligations of foreign researchers. They provide a condensed history of malaria activities on the continent over the past 120 years, highlighting the overall history of failures to eliminate or control the disease. A case study of the risks of rebound malaria illustrates the practical and moral problems that abound when historical knowledge is ignored. In light of current calls for renewed global eradication efforts, Graboyes and Alidina provide evidence for why historical knowledge must be better integrated into global health epistemic realms.

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W.H.O., The Global Eradication of Smallpox. Final Report of The Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1980, 122 pp., Sfr. 11,-.

Clio Medica. Acta Academiae Internationalis Historiae Medicinae, Vol. 17 ◽

10.1163/9789004418677_071 ◽

1982 ◽

pp. 268-269

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

World Health ◽

Final Report ◽

Global Eradication ◽

Health Organization

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Death of the King: The Introduction of Vaccination into Nepal in 1816

Medical History ◽

10.1017/mdh.2018.61 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 24-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Susan Heydon

Keyword(s):

Communicable Disease ◽

World Health ◽

Smallpox Vaccination ◽

Communicable Disease Control ◽

Eradication Programme ◽

Early Appearance ◽

Colonial Authority ◽

History Of ◽

Global Eradication ◽

Health Organization

This article explores the introduction of smallpox vaccination into Nepal in 1816 at the request of the Nepalese government; the king, however, was not vaccinated, contracted the disease and died. British hopes that vaccination would be extended throughout the country did not eventuate. The article examines the significance of this early appearance of vaccination in Nepal for both Nepalese and British, and relates it to the longer history of smallpox control and eventual eradication. When the Nepalese requested World Health Organization (WHO) assistance with communicable disease control in the mid-twentieth century little had changed for most Nepalese. We know about the events in 1816 through the letters of the newly imposed British Resident after Nepal’s military defeat in the Anglo-Nepal War (1814–16). By also drawing on other sources and foregrounding Nepal, it becomes possible to build up a more extensive picture of smallpox in Nepal that shows not only boundaries and limits to colonial authority and influence but also how governments may adopt and use technologies on their own terms and for their own purposes. Linking 1816 to the ultimately successful global eradication programme 150 years later reminds us of the need to think longer term as to why policies and programmes may or may not work as planned.

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Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020

Archives of Virology ◽

10.1007/s00705-020-04732-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 165 (10) ◽

pp. 2147-2163 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

William G. Dundon ◽

Adama Diallo ◽

Giovanni Cattoli

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

International Organizations ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Cash Income ◽

Small Farmers ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Global Eradication

Abstract Small ruminants (e.g., sheep and goats) contribute considerably to the cash income and nutrition of small farmers in most countries in Africa and Asia. Their husbandry is threatened by the highly infectious transboundary viral disease peste des petits ruminants (PPR) caused by peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). Given its social and economic impact, PPR is presently being targeted by international organizations for global eradication by 2030. Since its first description in Côte d’Ivoire in 1942, and particularly over the last 10 years, a large amount of molecular epidemiological data on the virus have been generated in Africa. This review aims to consolidate these data in order to have a clearer picture of the current PPR situation in Africa, which will, in turn, assist authorities in global eradication attempts.

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Researchers’ perceptions of malaria eradication: findings from a mixed-methods analysis of a large online survey

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-020-03430-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joe Brew ◽

Menno Pradhan ◽

Jacqueline Broerse ◽

Quique Bassat

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Time Frame ◽

Free Form ◽

Free Text ◽

Specific Investments ◽

Uncertain Outcome ◽

Malaria Eradication ◽

Global Eradication

Abstract Background The value of malaria eradication, the permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of malaria infection caused by human malaria parasites, would be enormous. However, the expected value of an investment in an intended, but uncertain, outcome hinges on the probability of, and time until, its fulfilment. Though the long-term benefits of global malaria eradication promise to be large, the upfront costs and uncertainty regarding feasibility and timeframe make it difficult for policymakers and researchers to forecast the return on investment. Methods A large online survey of 844 peer-reviewed malaria researchers of different scientific backgrounds administered in order to estimate the probability and time frame of eradication. Adjustments were made for potential selection bias, and thematic analysis of free text comments was carried out. Results The average perceived likelihood of global eradication among malaria researchers approximates the number of years into the future: approximately 10% of researchers believe that eradication will occur in the next 10 years, 30% believe it will occur in the next 30 years, and half believe eradication will require 50 years or more. Researchers who gave free form comments highlighted systemic challenges and the need for innovation as chief among obstacles to achieving global malaria eradication. Conclusions The findings highlight the difficulty and complexity of malaria eradication, and can be used in prospective cost–benefit analyses to inform stakeholders regarding the likely return on eradication-specific investments.

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