AbstractUnderstanding mechanisms of immune regulation is key to developing effective immunotherapies for autoimmunity and cancer; however, many regulatory mechanisms have not been elucidated. By analyzing T cell motility and activation at the disease site as well as disease progression, we examined the role of mononuclear phagocytes in driving regulation of effector T cells in type 1 diabetes and melanoma. We report that mononuclear phagocytes in the islets impair T cell responsiveness to antigen by preventing antigen-mediated T cell arrest. Mononuclear phagocytes in the autoimmune lesion express the TAM family receptor tyrosine kinase Mertk which functions in efferocytosis. Inhibition or deficiency of Mertk led to a release from T cell regulation characterized by enhanced T cell arrest in pre-diabetic islets and at the tumor site. This T cell arrest was accompanied by increased T cell-antigen presenting cell interactions as well as increased antigen experience and effector function by T cells in the islets. Notably, the effect of Mertk inhibition on T cell regulation was only seen at the disease site in the islets, not in draining lymph nodes. Inhibition of Mertk-dependent T cell regulation culminated in the rapid acceleration of autoimmune pathology and disease. In human islets, the number of Mertk-expressing cells were increased in remaining insulin-containing islets from type 1 diabetic patients, suggesting that they might have a protective role in human disease. These data indicate that Mertk signaling in mononuclear phagocytes drives T cell regulation that functions specifically at the disease site in peripheral tissues through a mechanism that prevents T cell arrest and response to antigen.
Immune responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens during visceral leishmaniasis in mice: Evidence for altered T-cell regulation of immune responses to non-parasite antigens