Monitoring of Soil Density During Compaction Processes

An increasing demand for forest products incites a large number of log transportation operations, which may lead to negative consequences for the soil and the ecosystem as a whole. This paper presents a mathematical model to estimate the soil deformation and compaction processes under the influence of individual components of the skidding system, such as the forwarder, limbs, butts, and tops of tree-lengths in high latitudes, permafrost soil, and forests of the cryolithic zone. The effectiveness of the proposed model was evaluated according to experimental results. Comparative analysis showed that the calculated data differ from the experimental data by no more than 10%. The deformation of the soil by the bunch of tree-length logs occurs due to shearing processes. It has been established that the initial vertical stress exceeds the radial stress by 30–40%. The result of estimating the dependency of the shelterbelt width on the number of tree-length logs showed that the limit values for logs amount to 4–6 units for the mild, medium, and solid soil categories. The obtained results and the developed model will allow for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the technological impact on the soil during the projecting of maps for logging operations.

Download Full-text

Reply [to “Comment on ‘Dual-energy synchrotron X ray measurements of rapid soil density and water content changes in swelling soils during infiltration’ by Patricia Garnier et al.”]

Water Resources Research ◽

10.1029/1999wr900176 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 35 (11) ◽

pp. 3589-3590 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patricia Garnier ◽

Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo ◽

David A. DiCarlo ◽

Tim W. J. Bauters ◽

Christophe J. G. Darnault ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Soil Density ◽

X Ray ◽

Swelling Soils

Download Full-text

Steel-shot method for measuring the density of soils

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t10-034 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 47 (11) ◽

pp. 1299-1304 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Reed B. Freeman ◽

Chad A. Gartrell ◽

Lillian D. Wakeley ◽

Ernest S. Berney ◽

Julie R. Kelley

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Rapid Determination ◽

Content Volume ◽

Test Method ◽

Unit Weight ◽

Soil Density ◽

Engineering Construction ◽

Steel Shot ◽

Time Requirements

The density of soil is crucial in engineering, construction, and research. Standard methods to determine density use procedures, equipment or expendable materials that limit their effectiveness in challenging field conditions. Some methods require burdensome logistics or have time requirements that limit their use or the number of tests that can be executed. A test method, similar to the sand-cone method, was developed that uses steel shot as the material to which a volume of soil is compared to calculate soil density. Steel shot is easily recovered and reused, eliminating the need for specialty sand and calibrated cones or containers, and allows rapid determination of the volume of displaced soil. Excavated soil also provides measurements of total mass and moisture content. Volume, mass, and moisture content are applied in simple calculations to determine wet and dry densities and unit weight of the soil. Proficiency in performing the test can be achieved with minimal training, and the required kit can be assembled for a reasonable cost. Field uses of the method in dry environments in a variety of soil types demonstrated that the method can produce repeatable results within 2% of the values of soil density determined by traditional methods, with advantages in logistics.

Download Full-text

Contrôle des impacts du camping en milieu forestier

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc61351-5 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 61 (5) ◽

pp. 351-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jean-Claude Ruel ◽

Marius Pineau ◽

Louis Bélanger

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Site Selection ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Soil Density ◽

Ground Flora ◽

Forested Areas ◽

Monitoring Treatment ◽

Cover Density ◽

Recreation Impact

Much of the deterioration observed on many campgrounds in forested areas is closely linked to the presence of the camper. Thus, ground flora cover and composition, forest cover density and vigour, soil density and permeability are affected. Appropriate actions could be taken to reduce undesirable alterations: proper site selection, concentration of the utilization, deterioration monitoring, treatment of the vegetation and modification of the camper's behaviour. Key words: camping; recreation, impact.

Download Full-text

Three-dimensional simulations of nanopowder compaction processes by granular dynamics method

Physical Review E ◽

10.1103/physreve.88.012209 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

G. Sh. Boltachev ◽

K. E. Lukyashin ◽

V. A. Shitov ◽

N. B. Volkov

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Granular Dynamics ◽

Compaction Processes ◽

Dynamics Method ◽

Three Dimensional Simulations

Download Full-text

Dual-energy synchrotron X ray measurements of rapid soil density and water content changes in swelling soils during infiltration

Water Resources Research ◽

10.1029/98wr02367 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 34 (11) ◽

pp. 2837-2842 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Patricia Garnier ◽

Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo ◽

David A. DiCarlo ◽

Tim W. J. Bauters ◽

Christophe J. G. Darnault ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Soil Density ◽

X Ray ◽

Swelling Soils

Download Full-text

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR REGULATING THE SOIL DENSITY USED IN A SEEDING MACHINE

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING ◽

10.26897/2687-1149-2021-2-9-15 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 9-15

Author(s):

ALEKSEI S. DOROKHOV ◽

Keyword(s):

Control System ◽

Automatic Control ◽

Automatic Control System ◽

Power Supply ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Automated System ◽

Statistical Characteristics ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Soil Density ◽

Density Control

Research on the development of an automatic control system for the rolling-in working units is aimed at establishing the reliability and analytical relationships, determining the quality indicators of work in real conditions of the rolling-in working units of a seeding machine, and checking the patterns obtained in the fi eld and identifi ed theoretically. Research on the development of an automatic control system for the rolling implements was carried out when sowing dragee seeds of table beet of the Bordeaux variety with a seeding unit consisting of a Belarus-4235 tractor and a Monopil S15/12 precision seeding machine. The system for automatic control of soil density includes the main hardware and software: actuators for maintaining and deepening the rolling working units, microcontrollers, motor drivers, a non-contact ultrasonic sensor, a power supply unit and a sensor for measuring soil density. The paper presents the results of a study to determine the soil density when sowing seeds of table beet, depending on the moisture content of the soil in the sowing layer. The authors describe research methodology, provide graphical relationships between changes in soil density and the depth of seeding, and comment on the main obtained statistical characteristics of the experiment. As a result of the study, structural, echnological and functional diagrams of a rolling rink with an automatic control system using electronically controlled electric cylinders (linear actuators) have been developed. The optimal parameters of the linear drive of the press roller have been established: power - 50W, power supply - 12V, rod stroke - 200…600 mm, speed - 10…45 mm/s, load - 200…900 N. Experimental studies have shown the applicability of the presented system of the automatic control of soil density, which ensures the optimum density of the seedbed of 1.3…1.4 g/cm³. The described technique can be used to develop a soil density control system when sowing seeds of other vegetable crops.

Download Full-text

A new method for the analysis of compaction processes in high-porosity agglomerates

Granular Matter ◽

10.1007/s10035-007-0072-0 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 89-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L. -O. Heim ◽

H. -J. Butt ◽

J. Blum ◽

R. Schräpler

Keyword(s):

New Method ◽

High Porosity ◽

Compaction Processes

Download Full-text

Compared performance of penetrometers and effect of soil water content on penetration resistance measurements

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832014000300006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 744-754 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Edison Aparecido Mome Filho ◽

Alvaro Pires da Silva ◽

Getulio Coutinho Figueiredo ◽

Fernando Henrique Setti Gimenes ◽

André Cesar Vitti

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Moisture Sensor ◽

Modern Agriculture ◽

Soil Moisture Sensor ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Harvesting Systems ◽

Compaction Processes ◽

Action Modes ◽

Correct Data

Modern agriculture techniques have a great impact on crops and soil quality, especially by the increased machinery traffic and weight. Several devices have been developed for determining soil properties in the field, aimed at managing compacted areas. Penetrometry is a widely used technique; however, there are several types of penetrometers, which have different action modes that can affect the soil resistance measurement. The objective of this study was to compare the functionality of two penetrometry methods (manual and automated mode) in the field identification of compacted, highly mechanized sugarcane areas, considering the influence of soil water volumetric content (θ) on soil penetration resistance (PR). Three sugarcane fields on a Rhodic Eutrudrox were chosen, under a sequence of harvest systems: one manual harvest (1ManH), one mechanized harvest (1MH) and three mechanized harvests (3MH). The different degrees of mechanization were associated to cumulative compaction processes. An electronic penetrometer was used on PR measurements, so that the rod was introduced into the soil by hand (Manual) and by an electromechanical motor (Auto). The θ was measured in the field with a soil moisture sensor. Results showed an effect of θ on PR measurements and that regression models must be used to correct data before comparing harvesting systems. The rod introduction modes resulted in different mean PR values, where the "Manual" overestimated PR compared to the "Auto" mode at low θ.

Download Full-text