scholarly journals Compared performance of penetrometers and effect of soil water content on penetration resistance measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 744-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edison Aparecido Mome Filho ◽  
Alvaro Pires da Silva ◽  
Getulio Coutinho Figueiredo ◽  
Fernando Henrique Setti Gimenes ◽  
André Cesar Vitti
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Compaction Processes ◽  
Action Modes ◽  
Correct Data

Modern agriculture techniques have a great impact on crops and soil quality, especially by the increased machinery traffic and weight. Several devices have been developed for determining soil properties in the field, aimed at managing compacted areas. Penetrometry is a widely used technique; however, there are several types of penetrometers, which have different action modes that can affect the soil resistance measurement. The objective of this study was to compare the functionality of two penetrometry methods (manual and automated mode) in the field identification of compacted, highly mechanized sugarcane areas, considering the influence of soil water volumetric content (θ) on soil penetration resistance (PR). Three sugarcane fields on a Rhodic Eutrudrox were chosen, under a sequence of harvest systems: one manual harvest (1ManH), one mechanized harvest (1MH) and three mechanized harvests (3MH). The different degrees of mechanization were associated to cumulative compaction processes. An electronic penetrometer was used on PR measurements, so that the rod was introduced into the soil by hand (Manual) and by an electromechanical motor (Auto). The θ was measured in the field with a soil moisture sensor. Results showed an effect of θ on PR measurements and that regression models must be used to correct data before comparing harvesting systems. The rod introduction modes resulted in different mean PR values, where the "Manual" overestimated PR compared to the "Auto" mode at low θ.

PROTOTIPE APLIKASI PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR KELEMBABAN TANAH BERBASIS MICRO CONTOLLER ATMEGA 328

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Rudi Budi Agung ◽  
Muhammad Nur ◽  
Didi Sukayadi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Sensor Development ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Working Principle

The Indonesian country which is famous for its tropical climate has now experienced a shift in two seasons (dry season and rainy season). This has an impact on cropping and harvesting systems among farmers. In large scale this is very influential considering that farmers in Indonesia are stilldependent on rainfall which results in soil moisture. Some types of plants that are very dependent on soil moisture will greatly require rainfall or water for growth and development. Through this research, researchers tried to make a prototype application for watering plants using ATMEGA328 microcontroller based soil moisture sensor. Development of application systems using the prototype method as a simple method which is the first step and can be developed again for large scale. The working principle of this prototype is simply that when soil moisture reaches a certainthreshold (above 56%) then the system will work by activating the watering system, if it is below 56% the system does not work or in other words soil moisture is considered sufficient for certain plant needs.

The effects of soil water content and bulk density on the compactibility and soil penetration resistance of some Western Australian sandy soils

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Henderson ◽  
A Levett ◽  
D Lisle
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Compactive Effort

Quantitative models to predict the effects of soil compaction on wheat yields are being developed for the northern sandplains of Western Australia. An understanding of the relationships between soil water content (W), bulk density (p), compactibility and soil penetration resistance (P) is required. Thirteen subsoils from W.A. sandplain soils were tested for compactibility. As the amounts of very coarse sand or clay in the soil increased, the maximum density (�max.) achieved with a standard compactive effort also increased, while the critical soil water content (Wcrit,.) for maximum compactibility declined. The effects of p and W on P were investigated for five of the soils. The value of P was only slightly affected as W was reduced to less than 70% of the field capacity water content. As the soils were dried further, P increased exponentially. At all water contents, an increase in p was found to markedly increase P. Particle size distribution could be used to predict �max. and Wcrit., but could not be related to the effects of changes in p and W on P. The implications for the measurement and effects of soil compaction in the field are discussed.

Modeling and correction of soil penetration resistance for varying soil water content

Geoderma ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M.P. Vaz ◽  
Juliana M. Manieri ◽  
Isabella C. de Maria ◽  
Markus Tuller
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

Spatiotemporal variability of soil penetration resistance in a field cultivated with sugarcane under conventional tillage system in northeast Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brivaldo Gomes de Almeida ◽  
Ceres Duarte Guedes Cabral de Almeida ◽  
Thaís Fernandes de Assunção ◽  
Bruno Campos Mantovanelli ◽  
José Coelho de Araújo Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Tillage System

<p>Soil management, although intended to create favorable structural conditions for crop growth and development, without prior assessment of potential and limitations, has been one of the reasons for the degradation of natural resources. The effects on soil degradation and respective structural quality are generally evaluated by some physical soil attributes such as bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP) and soil penetration resistance (PR). The PR is recognized as a physical parameter that supports the identification of areas with different stages of compaction and thus can be used to define appropriate management for soil remediation. Besides, this parameter depends on intrinsic soil factors (texture, structure, and mineralogy) and soil water content (SWC). Therefore, PR increases with BD and decreases with SWC (gravimetric or volumetric). Thus, it is possible to establish the critical limit of PR (PR<sub>CL</sub>) associated with the value of SWC that limits the growth of plant roots. PR<sub>CL</sub> varies according to soil type and plant species, but 2.0 MPa is the value scientifically accepted as the critical value to limit the root growth. Thus, the paper aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of PR in a field cultivated with sugarcane, under the conventional tillage system. The research was carried out in the Carpina Sugarcane Experimental Station, Pernambuco, Brazil. A grid of 70 x 70 m was delineated at intervals of 10 m and in each point soil samples were collected in the layers 0 - 0.30 m and 0.30 - 0.60 m depth. Three samplings were done to determine gravimetric soil water content; the first after six months of subsoiling (Time 6) before harrowing and planting, the second after 12 months of subsoiling (Time 12, six months after harrowing and planting) and the last after 18 months of subsoiling, before harvesting (Time 18). In each sampling time, in situ PR tests were carried out with the Solo Track equipment (Falker® - Model PLG 5300) and the simultaneous values of gravimetric soil water content were determined and associated with the PR data. The results showed that soil water content had a weak degree of spatial dependence, indicating the need to increase the number of samples. On the other hand, the PR values showed that the subsoiling did not promote a positive effect on the soil physical quality, with values above the PR<sub>CL</sub> for root development in Time 6 (2.42 MPa), even if after one year the sugarcane root system acted positively, by reducing PR in Time 18 (1.04 MPa) below the critical value.</p>

scholarly journals Penetration resistance in a latosol under different moisture and penetration speeds

Revista CERES ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Francisco Molina Jr ◽  
Sônia Maria Stefano Piedade ◽  
Juarez Rennó Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Cone Index

The soil penetration resistance has been used to represent the compaction situation and several authors have attempted to relate the cone index (CI) with the bulk density. The importance of using the CI as source of information for decisions in agricultural activities, livestock and forestry manner, has become increasingly larger, which requires more knowledge about the penetrometers and penetrographs behavior. This study aimed to verify, in controlled laboratory conditions, the influence of soil water content and cone penetration rate to obtain the cone index, when density variation occurs. The soil was compacted by compression through a universal press cylinder which was specially designed to produce the test specimens. Bulk densities were determined from samples taken from the test specimens and their moisture content. The CI values obtained were between 0.258 and 4.776 MPa, measured in 4 moistures and 7 soil densities with 3 penetration speeds. It was concluded that the determination of IC is strongly influenced by the soil moisture but the penetration speed variation, used in this study, was not sufficient to influence the IC determination. However, the decrease in soil water content may increase the sensitiveness to detect a variation in bulk density by the use of cone index.

scholarly journals Soil penetration resistance in a rhodic eutrudox affected by machinery traffic and soil water content

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moacir T. de Moraes ◽  
Henrique Debiasi ◽  
Julio C. Franchini ◽  
Vanderlei R. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Front Axle ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

Soil compaction caused by machinery traffic reduces crop yields. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of intensive traffic, and the soil water content, on the soil penetration resistance (PR) of a Rhodic Eutrudox (Distroferric Red Latosol, Brazilian Classification), managed under no-tillage (NT). The experiment consisted of six treatments: NT with recent chiseling, NT without additional compaction, and NT with additional compaction by 4, 8, 10 and 20 passes of a harvester with a weight of 100 kN (70 kN on the front axle). Undisturbed soil samples were collected at 5.5-10.5 cm and 13.5-18.5 cm depth to quantify the soil bulk density (BD). The PR was assessed in four periods, using an impact penetrometer, inserted in the soil to a depth of 46 cm. The effect of traffic intensities on the PR was small when this variable was assessed with the soil in the plastic consistency. Differences in PR among treatments increased as the soil water content decreased. The increase in the values of PR and BD was higher in the first passes, but the increase in the number of traffics resulted in deeper soil compaction. The machinery traffic effects on PR are better characterized in the friable soil consistency.

scholarly journals Correction of resistance to penetration by pedofunctions and a reference soil water content

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1704-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moacir Tuzzin de Moraes ◽  
Henrique Debiasi ◽  
Julio Cezar Franchini ◽  
Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

The soil penetration resistance is an important indicator of soil compaction and is strongly influenced by soil water content. The objective of this study was to develop mathematical models to normalize soil penetration resistance (SPR), using a reference value of gravimetric soil water content (U). For this purpose, SPR was determined with an impact penetrometer, in an experiment on a Dystroferric Red Latossol (Rhodic Eutrudox), at six levels of soil compaction, induced by mechanical chiseling and additional compaction by the traffic of a harvester (four, eight, 10, and 20 passes); in addition to a control treatment under no-tillage, without chiseling or additional compaction. To broaden the range of U values, SPR was evaluated in different periods. Undisturbed soil cores were sampled to quantify the soil bulk density (BD). Pedotransfer functions were generated correlating the values of U and BD to the SPR values. By these functions, the SPR was adequately corrected for all U and BD data ranges. The method requires only SPR and U as input variables in the models. However, different pedofunctions are needed according to the soil layer evaluated. After adjusting the pedotransfer functions, the differences in the soil compaction levels among the treatments, previously masked by variations of U, became detectable.

scholarly journals Relevance and controls of preferential flow at the landscape scale

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Demand ◽  
Theresa Blume ◽  
Markus Weiler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Landscape Units ◽  
Moisture Profiles

Abstract. The spatial and temporal controls of preferential flow (PF) during infiltration are still not fully understood. Soil moisture sensor networks give the possibility to measure infiltration response in high temporal and spatial resolution. Therefore, we used a large-scale sensor network with 135 soil moisture profiles distributed across a complex catchment. The experimental design covers three major geological regions (Slate, Marl, Sandstone) and two land covers (forest, grassland) in Luxembourg. We analyzed the responses of up to 353 rainfall events for every of the 135 soil moisture profiles. Non-sequential responses within the soil moisture depth-profiles were taken as an indication of PF. For sequential responses wetting front velocities were determined from the observations and compared with predictions by capillary flow. A measured wetting front velocity higher than the capillary prediction was also taken as a proxy for PF. We observed the highest fraction of non-sequential response (NSR) in forests on clay-rich soils (Slate, Marl). Furthermore, these two landscape units showed an increase of NSR with lower initial soil water content and higher maximum rainfall intensity. Wetting front velocities ranged from 6 cm day−1 to 80 640 cm day−1 with a median of 113 cm day−1 across all events and landscape units. The soils in the Marl geology had the highest flow velocities, independent of land cover, especially between 30 and 50 cm depth where the clay content increased. For Marl the median water content change was highest for the deepest soil moisture sensor (50 cm), whereas the other two geologies (Slate, Sandstone) showed a decrease of soil moisture change with depth. This confirms that clay content and vegetation strongly influence infiltration and reinforce preferential flow. Capillary-based soil water flow modelling was unable to predict the observed patterns. This demonstrates the danger of treating especially clay soils in the vadose zone as a low-conductivity layer, as the development of soil structure can dominate over the effect of low-conductive texture.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document