Electrolyte Solutions and Electrochemistry

2020 ◽  
pp. 429-466
Author(s):  
Jibamitra Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Solutions

Electrolyte Solutions.

1961 ◽  
Vol 29 (3_4) ◽  
pp. 285-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Solutions

Structure of Aqueous Monovalent Electrolyte Solutions

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1218-1223
Author(s):  
N.A. Atamas ◽  
◽  
L.A. Bulavin ◽  
D. Vasyl’eva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Solutions

Promoting Nitrogen Electroreduction to Ammonia with Bismuth Nanocrystals and Potassium Cations in Water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaecheol Choi ◽  
Hoang-Long Du ◽  
Manjunath Chatti ◽  
Bryan H. R. Suryanto ◽  
Alexandr Simonov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrocatalytic Activity ◽  
Aqueous Electrolyte ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Nitrogen Reduction ◽  
Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

We demonstrate that bismuth exhibits no measurable electrocatalytic activity for the nitrogen reduction reaction to ammonia in aqueous electrolyte solutions, contrary to several recent reports on the highly impressive rates of Bi-catalysed electrosynthesis of NH<sub>3</sub> from N<sub>2</sub>.

Microstructure determines water and salt permeation in commercial ion exchange membranes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Kingsbury ◽  
Shan Zhu ◽  
Sophie Flotron ◽  
Orlando Coronell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Mixing Energy ◽  
Electrochemical Processes ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Salt Diffusion ◽  
Exchange Membrane

Ion exchange membrane (IEM) performance in electrochemical processes such as fuel cells, redox flow batteries, or reverse electrodialysis (RED) is typically quantified through membrane selectivity and conductivity, which together determine the energy efficiency. However, water and co-ion transport (i.e., osmosis and salt diffusion / fuel crossover) also impact energy efficiency by allowing uncontrolled mixing of the electrolyte solutions to occur. For example, in RED with hypersaline water sources, uncontrolled mixing consumes 20-50% of the available mixing energy. Thus, in addition to high selectivity and high conductivity, it is desirable for IEMs to have low permeability to water and salt in order to minimize energy losses. Unfortunately, there is very little quantitative water and salt permeability information available for commercial IEMs, making it difficult to select the best membrane for a particular application. Accordingly, we measured the water and salt transport properties of 20 commercial IEMs and analyzed the relationships between permeability, diffusion and partitioning according to the solution-diffusion model. We found that water and salt permeance vary over several orders of magnitude among commercial IEMs, making some membranes better-suited than others to electrochemical processes that involve high salt concentrations and/or concentration gradients. Water and salt diffusion coefficients were found to be the principal factors contributing to the differences in permeance among commercial IEMs. We also observed that water and salt permeability were highly correlated to one another for all IEMs studied, regardless of polymer type or reinforcement. This finding suggests that transport of mobile salt in IEMs is governed by the microstructure of the membrane, and provides clear evidence that mobile salt does not interact strongly with polymer chains in highly-swollen IEMs. <br>

Good Practices in Evaluating the Uncertainty of Measurements for the Conductivity of the Electrolyte Solutions

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2482-2487
Author(s):  
George Lazar ◽  
Claudiu Campureanu ◽  
Ioan Cirneanu ◽  
Danut Ionel Vaireanu
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
Expanded Uncertainty ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
Uncertainty Of Measurements ◽  
Good Laboratory

This paper intends to present the theoretical background as well as practical illustrations for good laboratory practices in conductivity measurements, ways to increase the accuracy of conductivity measurements as well as how one may evaluate the uncertainty of conductivity measurements for the electrolyte solutions. Practical measurements for prepared standards of 1 M KCl and 0.1 M KCl solutions are carried out and the values of repeatability, composed uncertainty and expanded uncertainty are presented.

Donnan Equilibria in Polymeric Micellar Systems with Weak Polyelectrolyte Shells: The Lowering of the pH Value

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 1730-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Munk ◽  
Zdeněk Tuzar ◽  
Karel Procházka
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Micellar Systems ◽  
Weak Electrolytes ◽  
Block Copolymer Micelles ◽  
Copolymer Micelles ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Solutions

When two electrolyte solutions are separated and only some of the ions can cross the boundary, the concentrations of these ions are different on both sides of the boundary. This is the well-known Donnan effect. When weak electrolytes are involved, the imbalance includes also hydrogen ions: there is a difference of pH across the boundary and the dissociation of nondiffusible weak electrolytes is suppressed. The effect is very pronounced when the concentration of the weak electrolyte is high and ionic strength is low. The significance of this phenomenon is discussed for polyelectrolyte solutions, and particularly for block copolymer micelles with weak polyelectrolyte shells. The effect is quite dramatic in the latter case.

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