The Principle of Duality: Synchrony and Diachrony

Author(s):  
Beata Stawarska
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Sophie Mützel ◽  
Ronald Breiger

This chapter focuses on the general principle of duality, which was originally introduced by Simmel as the intersection of social circles. In a seminal article, Breiger formalized Simmel’s idea, showing how two-mode types of network data can be transformed into one-mode networks. This formal translation proved to be fundamental for social network analysis, which no longer needed data on who interacted with whom but could work with other types of data. In turn, it also proved fundamental for the analysis of how the social is structured in general, as many relations are dual (e.g. persons and groups, authors and articles, organizations and practices), and are thus susceptible to an analysis according to duality principles. The chapter locates the concept of duality within past and present sociology. It also discusses the use of duality in the analysis of culture as well as in affiliation networks. It closes with recent developments and future directions.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Lili Zhang ◽  
Wenwen Yang ◽  
Dejun Teng

The research collects competence items of informal questionnaire by expert interview method, analyzes the results qualitatively and quantitatively and forms formal questionnaire. Through statistical analysis and AMOS modeling, the research obtains workers’ competence model and validates competence model. An identification method of individual advantage characters according competency indicator system is built up relying on programming analysis and parameter optimization. We build the optimization model and its inverse optimization model, starting from the original optimization model, adjusting parameter value as small as possible, the conventional optimization model translated into the inverse model by the principle of duality. A calculation example is used to make sure the method is reliability and feasibility.


Author(s):  
Tatiana Baydikova

Methodical model is a set of interconnected components that form a single system aimed at achieving a common goal – the formation of foreign language communicative competence among students in the “Agricultural Engineering” programme based on content and language integrated learning. The teaching system is built on the basis of system, competency-based, per-sonal-activity, communicative-cognitive approaches, as well as content and language integrated learning. These approaches are implemented in practice using a number of didactic and methodical principles. We describe in detail the methodical principles of content and language integrated learning: principle 4 “C”, the principle of cognition, the principle of unity of thought and speech activity, the principle of integration of a foreign language and subject content, the principle of gradual complication of content, the principle of duality of reliance on native and foreign lan-guages, the principle of optimality, the principle of knowledge personalization, the principle of in-teractivity and the principle of language adaptation. Content and language integrated learning of students is carried out on the basis of the following teaching methods: interactive, communicative, information-reproductive, productive, tandem-method, vocational teaching and control methods. The content of teaching based on content and language integrated modeling reflects the profile specifics of training specialists in the framework of a particular specialty. Learning tools are a set of tools of a teacher for the purpose of development, teaching and upbringing. We present and de-scribe in detail all the components of the methodical model.


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