The Sources of Growth from the Beginning of Economics to the Emergence of the New Era: Equilibrium, Evolutionary Development, Schumpeter and Keynes

The Internet has had a significant impact on the process of developing information systems. However, there has been little research that has examined specifically the role of development methodologies in this new era. Although there are many new forces driving systems development many other issues are extensions of problems that have been there for some years. This study identifies the main requirements of methodologies for developing e-commerce applications. A number of e-commerce application development approaches are examined and a methodology is proposed which attempts to address a number of issues identified within the literature. The Internet Commerce Development Methodology (ICDM) considers evolutionary development of systems, provides a business and strategic focus and includes a management structure in addition to covering the engineering aspects of e-commerce application development. The methodology is evaluated by three focus groups. The results of the evaluations are used to highlight the factors that practitioners identify as important attributes of systems development methodologies for developing Web applications. These include emphasising a business focus, the consideration of organisational culture and management structures, and the importance of an external focus. Practitioners would ideally like methodologies to be relevant to their industry and provide detailed approaches for changing organisational culture. Many traditional systems development methodologies are perceived as being inadequate for dealing with the development of e-commerce systems. The research work proposes that there is a need for an overarching development framework where other more sub-system specific approaches can be integrated. However, any such framework should consider the strategic business drivers of the system, the evolutionary nature of systems, effective management structures, and the development of a conducive organisational culture.

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Unbiased estimation of particle number and sizes using the new stereological tools: the disector, the fractionator, the selector, and the nucleator — or just point-sampled intercepts

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100104200 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 428-429

Author(s):

H.J.G. Gundersen

Keyword(s):

Particle Number ◽

Small Distance ◽

Parallel Plane ◽

Unbiased Estimation ◽

Severe Problem ◽

New Era ◽

Size And Shape ◽

Distinct Property ◽

Sectioned Tissue

Previously, all stereological estimation of particle number and sizes were based on models and notoriously gave biased results, were very inefficient to use and difficult to justify. For all references to old methods and a direct comparison with unbiased methods see recent reviews.The publication in 1984 of the DISECTOR, the first unbiased stereological probe for sampling and counting 3—D objects irrespective of their size and shape, signalled the new era in stereology — and give rise to a number of remarkably simple and efficient techniques based on its distinct property: It is the only known way to obtain an unbiased sample of 3-D objects (cells, organelles, etc). The principle is simple: within a 2-D unbiased frame count or sample only cells which are not hit by a parallel plane at a known, small distance h.The area of the frame and h must be known, which might sometimes in itself be a problem, albeit usually a small one. A more severe problem may arise because these constants are known at the scale of the fixed, embedded and sectioned tissue which is often shrunken considerably.

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Drug Induced Changes in Cell Organelles

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100100299 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 110-111

Author(s):

Sarah A. Luse

Keyword(s):

Clinical Medicine ◽

Cell Organelles ◽

Riboflavin Deficiency ◽

Drug Induced ◽

New Era ◽

Health And Disease ◽

In The Beginning ◽

Cellular Pathology ◽

Induced Changes ◽

The Impact

In the mid-nineteenth century Virchow revolutionized pathology by introduction of the concept of “cellular pathology”. Today, a century later, this term has increasing significance in health and disease. We now are in the beginning of a new era in pathology, one which might well be termed “organelle pathology” or “subcellular pathology”. The impact of lysosomal diseases on clinical medicine exemplifies this role of pathology of organelles in elucidation of disease today.Another aspect of cell organelles of prime importance is their pathologic alteration by drugs, toxins, hormones and malnutrition. The sensitivity of cell organelles to minute alterations in their environment offers an accurate evaluation of the site of action of drugs in the study of both function and toxicity. Examples of mitochondrial lesions include the effect of DDD on the adrenal cortex, riboflavin deficiency on liver cells, elevated blood ammonia on the neuron and some 8-aminoquinolines on myocardium.

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