scholarly journals Stranded Encyclopedias in Eighteenth-Century Sweden: Exploring the Rise of Alphabetical Encyclopedism

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-135
Author(s):  
Linn Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Literary Practice ◽  
Early Formation ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Time Histories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geographical Expansion

AbstractFor a long time, histories of the rise of the modern encyclopedia were mainly histories of publications: chronologies of large-scale, alphabetically organized reference works, successfully completed in one country after another, from the late 1600s onwards. Since none of the Scandinavian countries managed to publish general encyclopedias in the eighteenth century, researchers assumed that encyclopedic practice “reached” the northern periphery at a later date. However, the geographical expansion of a literary practice and the history of its most successful, printed outcomes do not necessarily share the same milestones. In this chapter, Linn Holmberg explores a number of stranded encyclopedias in eighteenth-century Sweden, detected partly through the periodical press, partly through archival research. The first part examines glimpses of encyclopedic projects seen through the journal Lärda tidningar (1745–1773). The second part reconstructs the encyclopedic efforts of two officials of the Swedish Bureau of Mines, who worked on an encyclopedia of mining and metallurgy for almost forty years (c. 1743–1787). By examining the motivations and circumstances underpinning the initiation, abandonment, and transformations of these projects, the study aspires to produce new insights into the early formation of alphabetical encyclopedic practice in eighteenth-century Sweden.

TWO HUNTERS, A MILKMAID AND THE FRENCH ‘REVOLUTIONARY’ CANON

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIA DOE
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Performance History ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Printed Music

ABSTRACTLarge-scale programming studies of French Revolutionary theatre confirm that the most frequently staged opera of the 1790s was not one of the politically charged, compositionally progressive works that have come to define the era for posterity, but rather a pastoral comedy from mid-century:Les deux chasseurs et la laitière(1763), with a score by Egidio Duni to a libretto by Louis Anseaume. This article draws upon both musical and archival evidence to establish an extended performance history ofLes deux chasseurs, and a more nuanced explanation for its enduring hold on the French lyric stage. I consider the pragmatic, legal and aesthetic factors contributing to the comedy's widespread adaptability, including its cosmopolitan musical idiom, scenographic simplicity and ready familiarity amongst consumers of printed music. More broadly, I address the advantages and limitations of corpus-based analysis with respect to delineating the operatic canon. In late eighteenth-century Paris, observers were already beginning to identify a chasm between their theatre-going experiences and the reactions of critics: Was a true piece of ‘Revolutionary’ theatre one that was heralded as emblematic of its time, or one, likeLes deux chasseurs, that was so frequently seen that it hardly elicited a mention in the printed record?

Community Replacement Pathways: What Do Fossil Sequences Reveal About Marine Ecosystem Transitions?

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 262-272
Author(s):  
William Miller
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Ultimate Cause ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time And Energy

Paleontologists have lavished much time and energy on description and explanation of large-scale patterns in the fossil record (e.g., mass extinctions, histories of monophyletic taxa, deployment of major biogeographic units), while paying comparatively little attention to biologic patterns preserved only in local stratigraphic sequences. Interpretation of the large-scale patterns will always be seen as the chief justification for the science of paleontology, but solving problems framed by long time spans and large areas is rife with tenuous inference and patterns are prone to varied interpretation by different investigators using virtually the same data sets (as in the controversy over ultimate cause of the terminal Cretaceous extinctions). In other words, the large-scale patterns in the history of life are the true philosophical property of paleontology, but there will always be serious problems in attempting to resolve processes that transpired over millions to hundreds-of-millions of years and encompassed vast areas of seafloor or landscape. By contrast, less spectacular and more commonplace changes in local habitats (often related to larger-scale events and cycles) and attendant biologic responses are closer to our direct experience of the living world and should be easier to interpret unequivocally. These small-scale responses are reflected in the fossil record at the scale of local outcrops.

scholarly journals The diary of Sir Charles Blagden

1950 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-89 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of

Among the Blagden papers recently acquired by the Royal Society is a considerable portion of the diary of Sir Charles Blagden himself, closely written in difficult handwriting from edge to edge of the paper on hundreds of small sheets. The complete decipherment and transcription of this diary may take a long time, if it is ever done. But it was thought that the Fellows and those engaged in the history of science at the close of the eighteenth century might be interested in a sample of the diary of this man, Secretary of the Royal Society from 1784 to 1797, who was closely associated with many of the persons and events which made those days memorable in the history of science. Even before his appointment to the Secretaryship of the Royal Society, when he was acting as Secretary to Henry Cavendish, it was he who informed Lavoisier in June 1783 that Cavendish had burned inflammable air and obtained water. On this information Lavoisier repeated the experiment and solved the problem of the composition of water.

Cardinal Giuseppe Garampi An eighteenth-century pioneer in indexing

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Charles Burns
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Treasure Trove ◽  
History Of ◽  
Indispensable Tool ◽  
The Church

The Vatican Secret Archive is a treasure-trove of material, a mirror reflecting, in one all-embracing chronological and geographical sweep, the multifarious aspects of papal activity through the course of many centuries. But Aladdin in this cave needs to be able to find his treasure. So for him the Index Room is the Holy of Holies. This article tells the story of the prime begetter of the Index Room, Cardinal Giuseppe Garampi (d. 1792) and the transformation of his 820,000 ‘slips in a shoebox’, intended for the writing of a history of the Church, into the Schedario Garampi, an indispensable tool for archival research.

Health and Medicine in the Enlightenment

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Spray
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mass Inoculation

This article discusses the transformation of medicine at the very end of the century and thus represents a shift both in the training of medical practitioners and in accounts of the body. The eighteenth century has been described as a time of increasing medicalization of Western societies. Though this is usually portrayed as a growth in the power of medical practitioners over ordinary life, in practice lay people may also understand it as an increasing embrace of the medical. The eighteenth century continues to be viewed as a critical period in the history of medicine, as the century when bodies became the subject of large-scale political intervention, from centralized responses to plague epidemics or mass inoculation programmes early in the century to the growing use of mortality tables at its end. To portray these knowledge projects in all their complexity, historians still need to embrace the full implications of treating eighteenth-century medical knowledge as a political enterprise.

scholarly journals The history of scatter hoarding studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1542) ◽  
pp. 869-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Brodin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Scatter Hoarding ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
The 1960S

In this review, I will present an overview of the development of the field of scatter hoarding studies. Scatter hoarding is a conspicuous behaviour and it has been observed by humans for a long time. Apart from an exceptional experimental study already published in 1720, it started with observational field studies of scatter hoarding birds in the 1940s. Driven by a general interest in birds, several ornithologists made large-scale studies of hoarding behaviour in species such as nutcrackers and boreal titmice. Scatter hoarding birds seem to remember caching locations accurately, and it was shown in the 1960s that successful retrieval is dependent on a specific part of the brain, the hippocampus. The study of scatter hoarding, spatial memory and the hippocampus has since then developed into a study system for evolutionary studies of spatial memory. In 1978, a game theoretical paper started the era of modern studies by establishing that a recovery advantage is necessary for individual hoarders for the evolution of a hoarding strategy. The same year, a combined theoretical and empirical study on scatter hoarding squirrels investigated how caches should be spaced out in order to minimize cache loss, a phenomenon sometimes called optimal cache density theory. Since then, the scatter hoarding paradigm has branched into a number of different fields: (i) theoretical and empirical studies of the evolution of hoarding, (ii) field studies with modern sampling methods, (iii) studies of the precise nature of the caching memory, (iv) a variety of studies of caching memory and its relationship to the hippocampus. Scatter hoarding has also been the subject of studies of (v) coevolution between scatter hoarding animals and the plants that are dispersed by these.

scholarly journals Did true frogs ‘dispersify’?

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 20170299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kin Onn Chan ◽  
Rafe M. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Range Expansion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Fundamental Interest ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biogeographic Regions ◽  
Geographical Expansion ◽  
The Impact

The interplay between range expansion and concomitant diversification is of fundamental interest to evolutionary biologists, particularly when linked to intercontinental dispersal and/or large scale extinctions. The evolutionary history of true frogs has been characterized by circumglobal range expansion. As a lineage that survived the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event (EOEE), the group provides an ideal system to test the prediction that range expansion triggers increased net diversification. We constructed the most densely sampled, time-calibrated phylogeny to date in order to: (i) characterize tempo and patterns of diversification; (ii) assess the impact of the EOEE; and (iii) test the hypothesis that range expansion was followed by increased net diversification. We show that late Eocene colonization of novel biogeographic regions was not affected by the EOEE and surprisingly, global expansion was not followed by increased net diversification. On the contrary, the diversification rate declined or did not shift following geographical expansion. Thus, the diversification history of true frogs contradicts the prevailing expectation that amphibian net diversification accelerated towards the present or increased following range expansion. Rather, our results demonstrate that despite their dynamic biogeographic history, true frogs diversified at a relatively constantly rate, even as they colonized the major land masses of Earth.

scholarly journals Why Explore Stranded Encyclopedias?

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-34
Author(s):  
Linn Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Complete Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geographical Expansion ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Many ◽  
Analytical Tools

AbstractInfluential publications have long occupied central positions in histories of literature, philosophy, and science. The history of encyclopedias is no exception. With the ongoing digitization and increasing accessibility of historically important reference works, this trend is in fact still being reinforced. In this chapter, however, Linn Holmberg argues that by shifting our attention from successful publications to projects that somehow “failed,” we can deepen our understanding of modern encyclopedic practice—its development, challenges, motivations, and geographical expansion. Here, the concepts of stranded and strandedness can function as simple yet powerful analytical tools to compare cases where intellectual ambitions and practical outcomes have parted ways, and to explore the complex relationships between the finished and the unfinished, the printed and the non-printed, the complete and the uncomplete, the updated and the outdated, as well as the successfully and unsuccessfully disseminated. After all, all human undertakings run the risk of being stranded—of not reaching a desired destination, or of not being fulfilled as planned. Studying stranded encyclopedias means taking seriously the many obstacles facing those who pursue complete knowledge, and uncovering what it takes for large-scale enterprises to be realized and made public in various historical contexts.

Defining Ottoman Realism in the Uppsala Mecca Painting

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-245
Author(s):  
Deniz Beyazıt
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Landscape Composition ◽  
Linear Perspective ◽  
Power Struggles ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
History Of ◽  
Work Functions

Abstract This article analyzes a little-known painting of the sanctuary at Mecca in the Uppsala University Library, Sweden—one of the most sophisticated depictions of its kind. Datable to ca. 1700 and attributable to Cairo, the painting is among the earliest known depictions of the Holy Places in an illusionistic style with a bird’s-eye view, composed according to linear perspective. With minutely rendered details accompanied by more than seventy inscriptions, the work functions as an early map of Mecca. The Uppsala Mecca painting exemplifies the complexity of artistic exchange between Europe and the Ottoman world, which yielded highly original results. This discussion sheds light on the long, hybrid journey of Ottoman art towards realism, applied to a large-scale topographic landscape composition. The work marks a turning point in the history of Mecca painting and served as a model for European prints, through which the imagery spread all the way to East Asia. This study attempts to unravel the mysterious origins of the painting in the context of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Egypt and the power struggles to control Egypt, the Hijaz, and the Hajj.

The Division of Zhangjiakou Formation of Later Jurassic at Jibei

2013 ◽  
Vol 275-277 ◽  
pp. 1578-1584
Author(s):  
Ying Fu Chen ◽  
Gen Hou Wang ◽  
Qing Tao Meng
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Caldera Collapse ◽  
Stratigraphic Correlation ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequence ◽  
Phase Sequence ◽  
Lithostratigraphic Units ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tectonic Features

There is not a unified division scheme on the lithostratigraphic unit of Zhangjiakou formation from later Jurassic at jibei for a long time, so it makes the divisions more confusion, the establishment of the reasonable stratigraphic sequence and regional stratigraphic correlation has been effected. The Zhangjiakou formation is divided into three lithologic members in turn based on lithology combination of the phase sequence at Zhangjiakou by author through the project of “the study of jibei Mesozoic continental volcanic-sedimentary basin 1:250000 mapping method”. The first section mainly includes lithology combination of weak eruption phase sequence. The second section is main the lithology combination of explosive phase sequence; the third section mainly includes lithology combination of the eruption phase sequence. These three sections respectively represent the stage of the initial outbreak, the large-scale outbreak and a caldera collapse deposition. This division method can reflect volcanic tectonic features, establishing reasonable stratigraphic sequence, this contribute to the study of the history of the volcanic evolution. It can also combine the lithostratigraphic units division and volcanic-sedimentary organically.

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