scholarly journals The history of scatter hoarding studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1542) ◽  
pp. 869-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Brodin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Scatter Hoarding ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
The 1960S

In this review, I will present an overview of the development of the field of scatter hoarding studies. Scatter hoarding is a conspicuous behaviour and it has been observed by humans for a long time. Apart from an exceptional experimental study already published in 1720, it started with observational field studies of scatter hoarding birds in the 1940s. Driven by a general interest in birds, several ornithologists made large-scale studies of hoarding behaviour in species such as nutcrackers and boreal titmice. Scatter hoarding birds seem to remember caching locations accurately, and it was shown in the 1960s that successful retrieval is dependent on a specific part of the brain, the hippocampus. The study of scatter hoarding, spatial memory and the hippocampus has since then developed into a study system for evolutionary studies of spatial memory. In 1978, a game theoretical paper started the era of modern studies by establishing that a recovery advantage is necessary for individual hoarders for the evolution of a hoarding strategy. The same year, a combined theoretical and empirical study on scatter hoarding squirrels investigated how caches should be spaced out in order to minimize cache loss, a phenomenon sometimes called optimal cache density theory. Since then, the scatter hoarding paradigm has branched into a number of different fields: (i) theoretical and empirical studies of the evolution of hoarding, (ii) field studies with modern sampling methods, (iii) studies of the precise nature of the caching memory, (iv) a variety of studies of caching memory and its relationship to the hippocampus. Scatter hoarding has also been the subject of studies of (v) coevolution between scatter hoarding animals and the plants that are dispersed by these.

Noi cercetări asupra fortificațiilor de la Teliu, jud. Braşov / New investigations in the fortifications from Teliu, Brașov County

2019 ◽  
pp. 229-256
Author(s):  
Ștefan Maria-Magdalena ◽  
Ștefan Dan ◽  
Buzea Dan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Magnetic Method ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Geophysical Investigation ◽  
Railway Traffic ◽  
Complex Design ◽  
Long Time ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Function

Two fortified sites were known in the vicinity of Teliu (Kreuzburg/Nyén/Keresztvár), Brașov county, since the 19th c. They were reported as located in close proximity one to another (200 m), at the foothills of Buzău Mountains - now covered in evergreen forests. Despite a long-time interest in them, including a series of excavations made during the 1960s and 1970s in Cetatea Mare (I), their full chronological attribution and function remained partially disputed. Following a series of works related to the building of a railway route along Teliu valley, during the interwar period, a stone quarry was opened right on top of Cetatea Mică (II), leading in time to its disappearance. A notorious connection with the Teuton early 13th c. fort of Cruceburg has been often explored in relation with these sites. The current contribution is a review of previously known data in the light of more recent investigations undertaken in 2019, in the area of the two fortified sites, 45 years after their last systematic exploration. The work is based on the general interest of the authors in advancing the knowledge regarding the uncertain dating of numerous fortified places of south-eastern Transylvania, characterized by repeated occupation and scarce archaeological deposits. A LiDAR based survey combined with a geophysical investigation (magnetic method) in Cetatea Mare allowed a better reconstruction of this site’s plan and layout of fortifications, revealing a more complex design in which the fortification ditches were continued with terraces on the two main site’s slopes. An additional ditch, unknown before, was identified in the northern site sector. In total, the area affected by anthropic works in Cetatea Mare can be recognized now on a 2 ha surface, while the number of enclosure lines reached five. By reopening a small part of an old trench (S XIII) we succeeded to establish correlations with the already published stratigraphic profiles and collect samples for dating with radiocarbon method. The results of these analyses combined with a critical review of the older data show that the site was repeatedly visited along the Bronze and Iron Ages for certain activities which did not left consistent traces. At least two major moments in which the site was affected by large scale levellings associated to enclosure rebuilding could be noticed, once dated in Hallstatt C-D (which could have relocated previous Schneckenberg and Wietenberg materials) and the other in the late 1st C. BC - early 1st c. AD. We date the large relief modifications affecting the entire site, based on C14 dated samples and stratigraphy, in the Augustan period, even if the main analogies for the building model are to be found in older sites in Transylvania, belonging to Hallstatt B2-C. A distinctive characteristic of the last fortification phase in Teliu Cetatea Mare was the reuse as secondary material incorporated in the core of the ramparts of a previously burnt structure of soil, stone and wood, perhaps a palisade. A radiocarbon dated sample may suggest a time in the 4th-3rd c. BC for this structure, but until additional analyses it remains just a hypothetical framing. A date anywhere between Hallstatt C and early 1st c. AD is still possible. The LIDAR data analysis and viewsheds have also disclosed the relations of the two fortified sites with the network of local ridge routes. In this regard, both sites are more relevant for a connection with Brașov Depression and the beginning of a road linking the area of Prejmer with the inner-mountain depression of Întorsura Buzăului. This road, through Pilișca peak, was still in use in the 19th c. before the opening of the main railway traffic through Teliu Valley, by inhabitants of Prejmer area going to their mountain pastures. In the same time, it appears that the two sites were related in different ways to this road (suggesting a difference in both chronology and function): Cetatea Mică was placed in a hidden position directly on a secondary pathway climbing to the main ridge route, while Cetatea Mare was adjacent to this road, occupying a dominant position for the entire Depression.

Community Replacement Pathways: What Do Fossil Sequences Reveal About Marine Ecosystem Transitions?

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 262-272
Author(s):  
William Miller
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Ultimate Cause ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time And Energy

Paleontologists have lavished much time and energy on description and explanation of large-scale patterns in the fossil record (e.g., mass extinctions, histories of monophyletic taxa, deployment of major biogeographic units), while paying comparatively little attention to biologic patterns preserved only in local stratigraphic sequences. Interpretation of the large-scale patterns will always be seen as the chief justification for the science of paleontology, but solving problems framed by long time spans and large areas is rife with tenuous inference and patterns are prone to varied interpretation by different investigators using virtually the same data sets (as in the controversy over ultimate cause of the terminal Cretaceous extinctions). In other words, the large-scale patterns in the history of life are the true philosophical property of paleontology, but there will always be serious problems in attempting to resolve processes that transpired over millions to hundreds-of-millions of years and encompassed vast areas of seafloor or landscape. By contrast, less spectacular and more commonplace changes in local habitats (often related to larger-scale events and cycles) and attendant biologic responses are closer to our direct experience of the living world and should be easier to interpret unequivocally. These small-scale responses are reflected in the fossil record at the scale of local outcrops.

Digital Approaches to the History of the Atlantic Slave Trade

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryle Williams
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Humanities Computing ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
Digital Scholarship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Atlantic Slave Trade ◽  
The 1960S

The robust, sustained interest in the history of the transatlantic slave trade has been a defining feature of the intersection of African studies and digital scholarship since the advent of humanities computing in the 1960s. The pioneering work of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, first made widely available in CD-ROM in 1999, is one of several major projects to use digital tools in the research and analysis of the Atlantic trade from the sixteenth through the mid-nineteenth century. Over the past two decades, computing technologies have also been applied to the exploration of African bondage outside the maritime Atlantic frame. In the 2010s, Slave Voyages (the online successor to the original Slave Trade Database compact disc) joined many other projects in and outside the academy that deploy digital tools in the reconstruction of the large-scale structural history of the trade as well as the microhistorical understandings of individual lives, the biography of notables, and family ancestry.

scholarly journals Evaluating the scope and intensity of the conflict trap

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håvard Hegre ◽  
Håvard Mokleiv Nygård ◽  
Ranveig Flaten Ræder
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Internal Armed Conflict ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Impact

Several studies show that internal armed conflict breeds conflict by exacerbating conditions that increase the chances of war breaking out again. Empirically, this ‘conflict trap’ works through four pathways: conflicts increase the likelihood of continuation, recurrence, escalation, and diffusion of conflict. Past empirical studies have underestimated the scope and intensity of the conflict trap since they consider the impact of conflict only through one of these pathways and rarely across sufficiently long time periods. This article shows that simulation and forecasting techniques are useful and indeed necessary to quantify the total, aggregated effect of the conflict trap, over long time periods and across countries. We develop a country-year statistical model that allows estimating the probability of no conflict, minor conflict, and major conflict, and the probabilities of transition between these states. A set of variables denoting the immediate and more distant conflict history of the country are used as endogenous predictors in the simulated forecasts. Another set of variables shown to be robustly associated with armed conflict are treated as exogenous predictors. We show that the conflict trap is even more severe than earlier studies have indicated. For instance, if a large low-income country with no previous conflicts is simulated to have two to three years of conflict over the 2015–18 period, we find that it will have nine more years of conflict over the 2019–40 period than if peace holds up to 2018. Conversely, if a large low-income country that has had major conflict with more than 1,000 battle-related deaths in several of the past ten years succeeds in containing violence to minor conflict over the 2015–18 period, we find that it will experience five fewer years of conflict in the subsequent 20 years than if violence continues unabated.

scholarly journals Dissenting Voices: Challenging the Colonial System

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Maartje Janse ◽  
Anne-Lot Hoek
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Colonial Experience ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dutch East Indies ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S

This publication emerges from a process of co-creation in which historian Maartje Janse and research journalist Anne-Lot Hoek challenge the dominant national narrative about the colonial experience in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia). In combining journalistic and academic writing with musical performance by musician Ernst Jansz they amplify the critical voices that have spoken out against colonial injustice and that have long been ignored in public and academic debate. Even though it is often suggested that the mindset of people in the past prevented them from seeing what was wrong with things we now find highly problematic, they argue that there was indeed a tradition of colonial criticism in the Netherlands, one that included the voices of many ‘forgotten critics’ whose lives and criticism are the subject of this publication. The voices however were for a long time overlooked by Dutch historians. The publication is organized around the biographies of several critics (whose lives Janse and Hoek have published on before), the historical debate afterwards and includes reflective videos and texts on the process of co-creation.Maartje Janse started the process by tracing the life history of an outspoken nineteenth-century critic of the colonial system in the Dutch East Indies, Willem Bosch. The authors argue that it was not self-evident how criticism of colonial injustices should be voiced and that Bosch experimented with different methods, including organizing one of the first Dutch pressure groups.The story of Willem Bosch inspired Ernst Jansz, a Dutch musician with Indo roots, to compose a song (‘De ballade van Sarina en Kromo’). It is an interpretation of an old Malaysian ‘krontjong’ song, that Jansz transformed into a protest song that reminds its listeners of protest songs of the 1960s and 1970s. Jansz, in his lyrics, adds an indigenous perspective to this project. He performed the song during the Voice4Thought festival in 2016, a gathering that aimed to reflect upon migration and mobility in current times. Filmmaker Sjoerd Sijsma made a video ‘pamplet’ in which the performance of Ernst Jansz, an interview with Maartje Janse, and historical images from the colonial period have been combined.Anne-Lot Hoek connected Willem Bosch to a series of twentieth-century anti-colonial critics such as Dutch Indies civil servant Siebe Lijftogt, Indonesian nationalists Sutan Sjahrir, Rachmad Koesoemobroto, Dutch writer Rudy Kousbroek and Indonesian activist Jeffry Pondaag. She argues that dissenting voices have been underrepresented in the post-war debates on colonialism and its legacy for decades, and that one of the main reasons is that the notion of the objective historian was not effectively problematized for a long time.http://dissentingvoices.bridginghumanities.com/

scholarly journals Networks of reliable reputations and cooperation: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1838) ◽  
Author(s):  
Károly Takács ◽  
Jörg Gross ◽  
Martina Testori ◽  
Srebrenka Letina ◽  
Adam R. Kenny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Network Topologies

Reputation has been shown to provide an informal solution to the problem of cooperation in human societies. After reviewing models that connect reputations and cooperation, we address how reputation results from information exchange embedded in a social network that changes endogenously itself. Theoretical studies highlight that network topologies have different effects on the extent of cooperation, since they can foster or hinder the flow of reputational information. Subsequently, we review models and empirical studies that intend to grasp the coevolution of reputations, cooperation and social networks. We identify open questions in the literature concerning how networks affect the accuracy of reputations, the honesty of shared information and the spread of reputational information. Certain network topologies may facilitate biased beliefs and intergroup competition or in-group identity formation that could lead to high cooperation within but conflicts between different subgroups of a network. Our review covers theoretical, experimental and field studies across various disciplines that target these questions and could explain how the dynamics of interactions and reputations help or prevent the establishment and sustainability of cooperation in small- and large-scale societies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.

scholarly journals Using ecology to guide the study of cognitive and neural mechanisms of different aspects of spatial memory in food-hoarding animals

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1542) ◽  
pp. 883-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom V. Smulders ◽  
Kristy L. Gould ◽  
Lisa A. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Scatter Hoarding ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
History Of

Understanding the survival value of behaviour does not tell us how the mechanisms that control this behaviour work. Nevertheless, understanding survival value can guide the study of these mechanisms. In this paper, we apply this principle to understanding the cognitive mechanisms that support cache retrieval in scatter-hoarding animals. We believe it is too simplistic to predict that all scatter-hoarding animals will outperform non-hoarding animals on all tests of spatial memory. Instead, we argue that we should look at the detailed ecology and natural history of each species. This understanding of natural history then allows us to make predictions about which aspects of spatial memory should be better in which species. We use the natural hoarding behaviour of the three best-studied groups of scatter-hoarding animals to make predictions about three aspects of their spatial memory: duration, capacity and spatial resolution, and we test these predictions against the existing literature. Having laid out how ecology and natural history can be used to predict detailed cognitive abilities, we then suggest using this approach to guide the study of the neural basis of these abilities. We believe that this complementary approach will reveal aspects of memory processing that would otherwise be difficult to discover.

scholarly journals Documentary Radio and the Radical Origins of Public History

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Public History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Left ◽  
The United States ◽  
Academic History ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Social Views ◽  
Contemporary Practice

The origin story of public history in the United States dates this profession, practice, and field of study back to the social movements and social/cultural turn of academic history of the 1960s and 70s, directly tying the emergence of professional public history to the political ethos of the New Left. However, exploring earlier efforts in professional public-facing historical work reveals the formative influence of the Old Left on the various fields that would come to fall under the purview of public history. This article traces that connection specifically through the Radio Research Project (RRP), a large-scale series of history-oriented programs produced by the Library of Congress beginning in 1941 that were designed to educate Americans in US history, to encourage citizens to embrace civic ideals such as cultural and political democracy, and to thwart the spread of fascism. Disconnecting the rise of public history from its perceived origins in the New Left through exploring programs like the RRP not only reveals a longer history of the profession, but also challenges accepted interpretations of the types of political and social views that provide the historical foundation of contemporary practice.

scholarly journals Tangut (Xi Xia) Studies in the Soviet Union: Quinta Essentia of Russian Oriental Studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 178-196
Author(s):  
Sergey Dmitriev
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Almost All

Grace to the famous discovery of Piotr Kozlov’s expedition, a very rich collection of various Tangut books in a mausoleum in the dead city of Khara-Khoto was found in 1908, and almost all the texts in the Tangut language were then assembled in Saint-Petersburg. Because of this situation Russian Tangutology became one of the most important in the world very fast, and Russian specialists, especially Alexej Ivanov, did the first steps to understanding the Tangut language and history, which had for a very long time been hidden from humanity.This tradition persisted in the Soviet Union. Nikolaj Nevskij in 1929 returned to Russia from Japan, where he had stayed after 1917, mainly to continue his Tangut researches. But in 1937, during Stalin’s Purge, he was arrested and executed, Ivanov too. The line of tradition was broken for almost twenty years, and only the 1960s saw the rebirth of Russian Tangutology. The post-War generation did a gigantic work, raising Tangut Studies to a new level. Unfortunately, they almost had no students or successors.The dramatic history of Tangut Studies in Russia could be viewed like a real quinta essentia of the fate of Oriental Studies in Russia – but all the changes and tendencies are much more demonstrative of this example.Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.19 2014: 178-196

English Landscapes and Identities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Gosden ◽  
Chris Green ◽  
Anwen Cooper ◽  
Miranda Creswell ◽  
Victoria Donnelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
Norman Invasion ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Bronze Age

The project on which the book was based synthesized all the major available sources of information on English archaeology for the period from 1500 BC to AD 1086, providing an overview of the history of the English landscape from the Bronze Age to the Norman invasion. The result is the first account of the English landscape over a crucial 2500-year period when people created many of the features still visible today. It also provides a celebration of many centuries of archaeological work, especially the intensive investigations that have taken place since the 1960s, when frequent large-scale work has transformed our understanding of England’s past.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document