A third, often-overlooked, space agenda, the Clarke-Sagan and Whole Earth Security programs, aims to close the gap between the territorial state system and technologies and spaces of planetary scope without world government. It extends into space environmentalist, arms control, and globalist approaches. Its ladder includes superpower arms control, space cooperation and satellites for information, science, and Earth habitability. It supports strengthening the Outer Space Treaty, currently under assault. It fears space debris degrading orbital space. It anticipates viewing Earth from space will help support terrapolitan Whole Earth political identities, supplanting parochial nationalities. Its advocates debate asteroid deflection dilemmas, some fearing intentional bombardment, others proposing international planetary defense consortia. How can the great debate between the Clarke-Sagan and von Braun programs be resolved? Clarke and Sagan, uniquely among prominent space expansionists, prioritized nuclear arms control but also embraced Tsiolkovskian visions, posing the question: Are their criticisms of the von Braun military programs applicable to solar space expansion?
The lawyer's role in treaty-making: a review : Philip C. Jessup and Howard J. Taubenfeld, Controls for outer space and the Antarctic analogy Louis Henkin, Arms control and inspection in American law
