How to define ecology on the basis of its current understanding?

The frequently used term ecology is currently interpreted in various ways. This scientific discipline has undergone relatively dynamic development since its inception, and its character is still widening and changing. Therefore, in this contribution we attempt to briefly summarize the subject and contents of current ecology, as well as to propose its more systemic and comprehensive definition. We try to enhance its present definitions especially by putting emphasis on the dynamics of nature (the dynamics of natural processes). We define current ecology as the science dealing with the structure, dynamics and functions of nature including evolution, where structure involves the distribution and abundance of individual organisms, habitats and ecosystems; dynamics include all the aspects of their life trajectories and cycles, including growth, development, reproduction or renewal, interactions and their changes, the cycling of matter, flows of energy and information and their transformations; and functions involve the properties, traits and niches of individual organisms and species in an ecosystem, as well as the properties and niches of ecosystems in the landscape, ecoregion or in the whole Earth system.

O terceiro-instruído: Ontofenomenologia e educação em Michel Serres

O terceiro-instruído: Ontofenomenologia e educação em Michel Serres Resumo: O terceiro-instruído: Ontofenomenologia e educação em Michel Serres é um estudo que visa compreender a relevância do pensamento ontofenomênico, epistemológico e educacional de Michel Serres para a implementação dessas categorias filosóficas: contrato natural (como oposição ao contrato social de Rousseau e como defensor do regresso à Terra inteira e ao Amor) e terceira-instrução. Nesse sentido, a importância da educação, comparada com a ontofenomenologia e a epistemologia, tornar-se-á maior e mais importante.Palavras-chave: Ontofenomenologia; Epistemologia; Educação; Michel Serres. The third-instructed: Ontophenomenology and education in Michel Serres Abstract: The third-instructed: Ontophenomenology and education in Michel Serres is a study which focus on understanding the relevance of ontophenomenal, epistemological and educational Serres’s thought for the implementation of these philosophical categories: natural contract (as opposition to Rousseau’s social contract and as a defender of the return to whole Earth and Love) and third-instruction. Therefore, the materiality of education comparing to ontophenomenology and epistemology will become greater and principal.Keywords: Ontophenomenology; Epistemology; Education; Michel Serres. Le tiers-instruit: Ontophénoménologie et éducation à Michel Serres Resumé: Le tiers-instruit: Ontophénoménologie et éducation à Michel Serres est une étude qui vise à comprendre la pertinence de la pensée ontophénoménal, épistémologique et éducatif de l’auteur pour accomplir ces catégories philosophiques: contrat naturel (par opposition au contrat social de Rousseau et en tant que défenseur du retour à la Terre entière et à l’Amour) et tierce-instruction. Donc, par rapport à ontophénoménologie et à épistémologie, l’importance de l´éducation deviendra plus grand et plus importante.Mots-clés: Ontophénoménologie; Épistémologie; Éducation; Michel Serres.Data de registro: 06/10/2020Data de aceite: 25/11/2020

Dlaczego w koncepcji Jaspersa postać Jezusa znajduje się poza „czasem osi”?

Karl Jaspers’s concept of the Axial Age (German: Achsenzeit), or the unprece- dented age of the highest rise of the human spirit, shows the kinship of people belonging to such different civilizations as Greek, Jewish, Hindu and Chinese. The Axial Age is not only the subject of research for many scholars dealing with the past, but also a possible foundation for the future realization of the peaceful unity of people of the whole Earth. The article focuses on the figure of Jesus, considered by Jaspers as one of the four paradigmatic individuals (German: die maßgebenden Menschen), i.e. people with the greatest influence in the spiritual history of humanity. Therefore, the presence or absence of Jesus in the Axial Age will bring serious consequences. The article presents Jaspers’s arguments for recognizing the period between the 8th and 2nd century BC as the Axial Age, and the possibility of expanding it.

Masjid Sebagai Pusat Pendidikan Agama Islam

One of the places to pray for the Muslims is a mosque although in fact, in Islamic law the whole earth can be used to perform prayer, except in places where there is a prohibition to perform prayer in it.as the word of the Messenger of Allaah 'alaihi Wasallam which means: "It has been made for me this earth a place of prostration and in a holy state." (H.R. Abu Dawud). This type of research is field research, with a skin descriptive approach. The results of this study showed that the mosque not only serves as a place to pray, but there are other functions, among others, as social, economic, educational, political, arts and cultural development. The author wants to explain the function of the mosque as exemplified by the Prophet Muhammad shallallaahu ‘alayhi Wasallam so that the existing mosques can become centers of educational activities as when the Prophet Muhammad shallallaahu‘ alayhi wasallam first.