Mobile Manipulator and EOAT for In-Situ Infected Plant Removal

2021 ◽  
pp. 274-283
Author(s):  
Taher Deemyad ◽  
Anish Sebastian
Keyword(s):  
Infected Plant ◽  
Mobile Manipulator ◽  
Plant Removal

scholarly journals Distribution of Phytoplasmas in Infected Plants as Revealed by Real-Time PCR and Bioimaging

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1175-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nynne Meyn Christensen ◽  
Mogens Nicolaisen ◽  
Michael Hansen ◽  
Alexander Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Sieve Tubes ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less bacteria inhabiting the phloem and utilizing it for their spread. Infected plants often show changes in growth pattern and a reduced crop yield. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) assay and a bioimaging method were developed to quantify and localize phytoplasmas in situ. According to the Q-PCR assay, phytoplasmas accumulated disproportionately in source leaves of Euphorbia pulcherrima and, to a lesser extent, in petioles of source leaves and in stems. However, phytoplasma accumulation was small or nondetectable in sink organs (roots and sink leaves). For bioimaging, infected plant tissue was stained with vital fluorescence dyes and examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. With a DNA-sensitive dye, the pathogens were detected exclusively in the phloem, where they formed dense masses in sieve tubes of Catharanthus roseus. Sieve tubes were identified by counterstaining with aniline blue for callose and multiphoton excitation. With a potentiometric dye, not all DNA-positive material was stained, suggesting that the dye stained metabolically active phytoplasmas only. Some highly infected sieve tubes contained phytoplasmas that were either inactive or dead upon staining.

scholarly journals Cytological analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells supporting cymbidium ringspot virus defective interfering RNA replication

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Navarro ◽  
Marcello Russo ◽  
Vitantonio Pantaleo ◽  
Luisa Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Rna Replication ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Replicase Proteins ◽  
Defective Interfering Rna ◽  
Interfering Rna

The replicase proteins p33 and p92 of Cymbidium ringspot virus (CymRSV) were found to support the replication of defective interfering (DI) RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Two yeast strains were used, differing in the biogenesis of peroxisomes, the organelles supplying the membranous vesicular environment in which CymRSV RNA replication takes place in infected plant cells. Double-labelled immunofluorescence showed that both p33 and p92 replicase proteins localized to peroxisomes, independently of one another and of the presence of the replication template. It is suggested that these proteins are sorted initially from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum and then to peroxisomes. However, only the expression of p33, but not p92, increased the number of peroxisomes and induced membrane proliferation. DI RNA replication occurred in yeast cells, as demonstrated by the presence of monomers and dimers of positive and negative polarities. Labelling with BrUTP showed that peroxisomes were the sites of nascent viral synthesis, whereas in situ hybridization indicated that DI RNA progeny were diffused throughout the cytoplasm. DI RNA replication also took place in yeast cells devoid of peroxisomes. It is suggested that replication in these cells was targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum.

scholarly journals An Arabidopsis thaliana Pectin Acetylesterase Gene Is Upregulated in Nematode Feeding Sites Induced by Root-knot and Cyst Nematodes

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Vercauteren ◽  
Janice de Almeida Engler ◽  
Ruth De Groodt ◽  
Godelieve Gheysen
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Mrna In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Pectin Acetylesterase

By using differential display, gene expression was investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana roots shortly after nematode infection, and a putative pectin acetylesterase (PAE) homolog (DiDi 9C-12) was found to be upregulated. PAEs catalyze the deacetylation of pectin, a major compound of primary cell walls. mRNA in situ hybridization experiments showed that the expression of DiDi 9C-12 was enhanced very early after infection in initiating giant-cells and in cells surrounding the nematodes. Later on, the level of DiDi 9C-12 mRNA was lower in giant-cells and transcripts were mainly found in parenchyma, endodermis, and pericycle cells of the root gall. Twenty days after infection, DiDi 9C-12 transcripts could no longer be detected. DiDi 9C-12 transcripts were also found in young syncytia and in the cells surrounding the expanding syncytium. Our results suggest that plant parasitic nematodes can modulate the rapid growth of the feeding cells and the expansion of the root gall by triggering the expression of DiDi 9C-12. PAEs, which probably act together with a range of other pectin-degrading enzymes, could be involved in softening and loosening the primary cell wall in nematode-infected plant roots.

Rendez vous with Saturn's rings

1984 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 743-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry T. Nock
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Low Thrust ◽  
Ring Plane ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Total Impulse ◽  
Saturn's Rings

ABSTRACTA mission to rendezvous with the rings of Saturn is studied with regard to science rationale and instrumentation and engineering feasibility and design. Future detailedin situexploration of the rings of Saturn will require spacecraft systems with enormous propulsive capability. NASA is currently studying the critical technologies for just such a system, called Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP). Electric propulsion is the only technology which can effectively provide the required total impulse for this demanding mission. Furthermore, the power source must be nuclear because the solar energy reaching Saturn is only 1% of that at the Earth. An important aspect of this mission is the ability of the low thrust propulsion system to continuously boost the spacecraft above the ring plane as it spirals in toward Saturn, thus enabling scientific measurements of ring particles from only a few kilometers.

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