The Instrumental Temperature Record

2021 ◽  
pp. 821-865
Author(s):  
William W. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Record ◽  
Instrumental Temperature

Cryogenic cave carbonate formation during the Industrial Era in the Central Pyrenees (Iberian Peninsula)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Bartolomé ◽  
Ana Moreno ◽  
Marc Luetscher ◽  
Christoph Spötl ◽  
Maria Leunda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Water ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Cumulative Probability ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Permafrost Degradation ◽  
The North ◽  
Carbonate Formation ◽  
Discontinuous Permafrost ◽  
Ice Retreat ◽  
Instrumental Temperature

<p>Cryogenic cave carbonates (CCC) are rare speleothems that form when water freezes inside cave ice bodies. CCC have been used as an proxy for permafrost degradation, permafrost thickness, or subsurface ice formation. The presence of these minerals is usually attributed to warm periods of permafrost degradation. We found coarse crystalline CCC types within transparent, massive congelation ice in two Pyrenean ice caves in the Monte Perido Massif: Devaux, located on the north face at 2828 m a.s.l., and Sarrios 6, located in the south face at 2780 m a.s.l. The external mean annual air temperature (MAAT) at Devaux is ~ 0°C, while at Sarrios 6 is ~ 2.5°C. In the Monte Perdido massif discontinuous permafrost is currently present between 2750 and 2900 m a.s.l. and is more frequent above 2900 m a.s.l. in northern faces. In Devaux, air and rock temperatures, as well as the presence of hoarfrost and the absence of drip sites indicate a frozen host rock. Moreover, a river flows along the main gallery, and during winters the water freezes at the spring causing backflooding in the cave. In contrast, Sarrios 6 has several drip sites, although the gallery where CCC were collected is hydrologically inactive. This gallery opened in recent years due to ice retreat. During spring, water is present in the gallery due to the overflow of ponds forming beneath drips. CCC commonly formed as sub-millimeter-size spherulites, rhombohedrons and rafts. <sup>230</sup>Th ages of the same CCC morphotype indicate that their formation took place at 1953±7, 1959±14, 1957±14, 1958±15, 1974±16 CE in Devaux, while in Sarrios 6 they formed at 1964±5, 1992±2, 1996±1 CE. The cumulative probability density function indicates that the most probable formation occurred 1957-1965 and 1992-1997. The instrumental temperature record at 2860 m a.s.l. indicates positive MAAT in 1964 (0.2°C) and 1997 (0.8°C). CCC formation could thus correspond with those two anomalously warm years. The massive and transparent ice would indicate a sudden ingress of water and subsequent slow freezing inside both caves during those years. Probably, CCC formation took place at a seasonal scale during the annual cycle.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) on deriving anthropogenic warming rates from the instrumental temperature record

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. van der Werf ◽  
A. J. Dolman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Transient Climate Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Instrumental Temperature

Abstract. The instrumental surface air temperature record has been used in several statistical studies to assess the relative role of natural and anthropogenic drivers of climate change. The results of those studies varied considerably, with anthropogenic temperature trends over the past 25–30 years suggested to range from 0.07 to 0.20 °C decade−1. In this short communication, we assess the origin of these differences and highlight the inverse relation between the temperature trend of the past 30 years and the weight given to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) as an explanatory factor in the multiple linear regression (MLR) tool that is usually employed. We highlight that robust MLR outcomes require a better understanding of the AMO in general and, more specifically, of its characterization. Our results indicate that both the high and the low end of the anthropogenic trend over the past 30 years found in previous studies are unlikely and that a transient climate response of 1.6 (1.0–3.3) °C best captures the historic instrumental temperature record.

scholarly journals Models of solar irradiance variability and the instrumental temperature record

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1449-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Marcus ◽  
Michael Ghil ◽  
Kayo Ide
Keyword(s):  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Instrumental Temperature

scholarly journals Impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) on deriving anthropogenic warming rates from the instrumental temperature record

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 529-544
Author(s):  
G. R. van der Werf ◽  
A. J. Dolman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Transient Climate Response ◽  
The Past ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Instrumental Temperature

Abstract. The instrumental surface air temperature record has been used in several statistical studies to assess the relative role of natural and anthropogenic drivers of climate change. The results of those studies varied considerably, with anthropogenic temperature trends over the past 25–30 years suggested to range from 0.07 to 0.20 °C decade−1. In this short communication we assess the origin of these differences and highlight the inverse relation between the derived anthropogenic temperature trend of the past 30 years and the weight given to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) as an explanatory factor in the multiple linear regression (MLR) tool that is usually employed. We highlight that robust MLR outcomes require a better understanding of the AMO in general and more specifically its characterization. Our results indicate that both the high- and low end of the anthropogenic trend over the past 30 years found in previous studies are unlikely and that a transient climate response with best estimates centred around 1.3 °C per CO2 doubling best captures the historic instrumental temperature record.

Reconstructed summer temperature in the northern Rocky Mountains wilderness, USA

2008 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt F. Kipfmueller
Keyword(s):  
High Elevation ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Whitebark Pine ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Geographic Scale ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Larix Lyallii ◽  
Instrumental Temperature

AbstractRing widths from whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulisEnglem.) and subalpine larch (Larix lyalliiParl.) collected at three high-elevation sites were used to develop tree-growth chronologies to reconstruct summer temperature anomalies. A step-wise multiple regression procedure was used to screen potential predictor variables to generate a transfer function capable of skillfully reconstructing summer temperature. The resulting regression model explained approximately 38% of the adjusted variance in the instrumental temperature record. The fidelity of the reconstruction was verified using product mean and sign tests, both of which suggested significant predictive power in the reconstructions (p<0.05). Reduction of error (RE) and coefficient of efficiency (CE) measures were both positive, indicating the reconstruction contained useful climate information. Cool periods often coincided with reduced solar activity and/or periods of increased volcanic activity. Differences between this reconstruction and others encompassing a broader geographic scale highlight the importance of developing local reconstructions of climate variability, particularly when used in conjunction with ecological data sets that describe the occurrence of fires or insect epidemics. Mixed and divergent climate-response relationships were evident in the whitebark pine chronologies and suggest subalpine larch may be a more useful species than whitebark pine to target for the development of temperature reconstructions in this region.

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