Creating Global Markets: Seaborne Trade in Pulp and Paper Products Over the Last 400 Years

Rising Inequality in the New Global Economy

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2006-4-84-89 ◽

2006 ◽

pp. 84-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N. Birdsall

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Global Economy ◽

Slow Growth ◽

Global Markets ◽

Modern World ◽

Government Programs ◽

Poor Countries

Reasons of high inequality in the modern world are considered in the article. In developing countries it interacts with underdeveloped markets and inefficient government programs to slow growth, which in turn slows progress in reducing poverty. Increasing reach of global markets makes rising inequality more likely and deepens the gap between rich and poor countries. Because global markets work better for the already rich, we should increase the representation of poor countries in global fora.

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Co-cooking nonwoods with hardwoods

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj13.6.19 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

TROY RUNGE ◽

CHUNHUI ZHANG

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Agricultural Residues ◽

Kraft Pulping ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Strength Increase ◽

Xylan Content

Agricultural residues and energy crops are promising resources that can be utilized in the pulp and paper industry. This study examines the potential of co-cooking nonwood materials with hardwoods as means to incorporate nonwood material into a paper furnish. Specifically, miscanthus, switchgrass, and corn stover were substituted for poplar hardwood chips in the amounts of 10 wt %, 20 wt %, and 30 wt %, and the blends were subjected to kraft pulping experiments. The pulps were then bleached with an OD(EP)D sequence and then refined and formed into handsheets to characterize their physical properties. Surprisingly, all three co-cooked pulps showed improved strength properties (up to 35%). Sugar measurement of the pulps by high-performance liquid chromatography suggested that the strength increase correlated with enriched xylan content.

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Development of a Jacobian Module for Advanced Pulp and Paper Simulation and Control

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj8.1.4 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 4-11

Author(s):

MOHAMED CHBEL ◽

LUC LAPERRIÈRE

Keyword(s):

Control System ◽

Nonlinear Behavior ◽

Simulation Software ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Pid Controllers ◽

Tuning Parameters ◽

Pid Tuning ◽

Fixed Set ◽

And Control ◽

Operating Points

Pulp and paper processes frequently present nonlinear behavior, which means that process dynam-ics change with the operating points. These nonlinearities can challenge process control. PID controllers are the most popular controllers because they are simple and robust. However, a fixed set of PID tuning parameters is gen-erally not sufficient to optimize control of the process. Problems related to nonlinearities such as sluggish or oscilla-tory response can arise in different operating regions. Gain scheduling is a potential solution. In processes with mul-tiple control objectives, the control strategy must further evaluate loop interactions to decide on the pairing of manipulated and controlled variables that minimize the effect of such interactions and hence, optimize controller’s performance and stability. Using the CADSIM Plus™ commercial simulation software, we developed a Jacobian sim-ulation module that enables automatic bumps on the manipulated variables to calculate process gains at different operating points. These gains can be used in controller tuning. The module also enables the control system designer to evaluate loop interactions in a multivariable control system by calculating the Relative Gain Array (RGA) matrix, of which the Jacobian is an essential part.

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Photo-catalytic degradation of gaseous pollutants in paper mills of southern China

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj17.03.167 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (03) ◽

pp. 167-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xin Tong ◽

Jiao Li ◽

Jun Ma ◽

Xiaoquan Chen ◽

Wenhao Shen

Keyword(s):

Degradation Rate ◽

Southern China ◽

Catalytic Degradation ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Gaseous Pollutants ◽

Pulp And Paper Mills ◽

Paper Mills ◽

Initial Concentration ◽

First Order ◽

First Order Kinetics

Studies were undertaken to evaluate gaseous pollutants in workplace air within pulp and paper mills and to consider the effectiveness of photo-catalytic treatment of this air. Ambient air at 30 sampling sites in five pulp and paper mills of southern China were sampled and analyzed. The results revealed that formaldehyde and various benzene-based molecules were the main gaseous pollutants at these five mills. A photo-catalytic reactor system with titanium dioxide (TiO2) was developed and evaluated for degradation of formaldehyde, benzene and their mixtures. The experimental results demonstrated that both formaldehyde and benzene in their pure forms could be completely photo-catalytic degraded, though the degradation of benzene was much more difficult than that for formaldehyde. Study of the photo-catalytic degradation kinetics revealed that the degradation rate of formaldehyde increased with initial concentration fitting a first-order kinetics reaction. In contrast, the degradation rate of benzene had no relationship with initial concentration and degradation did not conform to first-order kinetics. The photo-catalytic degradation of formaldehyde-benzene mixtures indicated that formaldehyde behaved differently than when treated in its pure form. The degradation time was two times longer and the kinetics did not reflect a first-order reaction. The degradation of benzene was similar in both pure form and when mixed with formaldehyde.

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