Biased Competition Theory of Attention

2008 ◽  
pp. 377-377
Keyword(s):  
Biased Competition ◽  
Competition Theory

Artists, Artworks, Aesthetics, Cognition

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-136
Author(s):  
William P. Seeley
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Semantic Role ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Biased Competition ◽  
Competition Theory

Skepticism about neuroaesthetics emerges from a contrast between aesthetic and cognitivist theories of art. Neuroaesthetics represents an aesthetic approach to understanding art. Aesthetic approaches identify the defining features of artworks by their aesthetic features and the affective profile of the experiences they engender. Cognitivist theories, in contrast, define artworks as communicative devices intentionally designed to convey some point, purpose, or meaning. In the article under discussion, the author argues that the conflict between these two views is overblown. He introduces a diagnostic recognition framework for understanding art grounded in a biased competition theory of selective attention. The framework defines artworks as attentional engines intentionally designed to orient perceivers to diagnostic features, including aesthetic features, that carry information about their point, purpose, or meaning. The artistic salience of aesthetic features of a work on this account, consistent with a cognitivist approach, lies in the semantic role they play in the expression of the work’s point, purpose, or meaning.

scholarly journals Attentional Modulation of Affective Versus Sensory Processing: Functional Connectivity and a Top-Down Biased Activation Theory of Selective Attention

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 1649-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Grabenhorst ◽  
Edmund T. Rolls
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Seed Region ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Biased Competition ◽  
Competition Theory ◽  
Activation Theory ◽  
Psychophysiological Interaction ◽  
Affective Value

Top-down selective attention to the affective properties of taste stimuli increases activation to the taste stimuli in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and pregenual cingulate cortex (PGC), and selective attention to the intensity of the stimuli increases the activation in the insular taste cortex, but the origin of the top-down attentional biases is not known. Using psychophysiological interaction connectivity analyses, we showed that in the anterior lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) at Y = 53 mm the correlation with activity in OFC and PGC seed regions was greater when attention was to pleasantness compared with when attention was to intensity. Conversely, we showed that in a more posterior region of the LPFC at Y = 34 the correlation with activity in the anterior insula seed region was greater when attention was to intensity compared with when attention was to pleasantness. We also showed that correlations between areas in these separate processing streams were dependent on selective attention to affective value versus physical intensity of the stimulus. We then propose a biased activation theory of selective attention to account for the findings and contrast this with a biased competition theory of selective attention.

Cognitivism at the Movies

2020 ◽  
pp. 190-216
Author(s):  
William P. Seeley
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Comprehension ◽  
Situation Models ◽  
Biased Competition ◽  
Competition Theory

Chapter 7 explores cognitivism as an alternative to realist and semiotic theories of the nature of film. The chapter develops a diagnostic recognition framework for film derived from a biased competition theory of attention and research on the role played by situation models in narrative comprehension.

scholarly journals A Biased Competition Theory of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Interaction with Tumor Nodules

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e0120053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Christophe ◽  
Sabina Müller ◽  
Magda Rodrigues ◽  
Anne-Elisabeth Petit ◽  
Patrick Cattiaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Biased Competition ◽  
Competition Theory

Context Effects Reveal That Figure-Ground Perception Is an Instance of Biased Competition

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A. Peterson ◽  
Elizabeth Salvagio ◽  
Andrew J. Mojica
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Biased Competition

scholarly journals Stable Coexistence in a Field-Calibrated Individual-Based Model of Mangrove Forest Dynamics Caused by Inter-Specific Crown Plasticity

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 955
Author(s):  
Uwe Grueters ◽  
Mohd Rodila Ibrahim ◽  
Hartmut Schmidt ◽  
Katharina Tiebel ◽  
Hendrik Horn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Dynamics ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Individual Based Model ◽  
Local Competition ◽  
Competition Theory ◽  
Crown Plasticity ◽  
Classical Competition

(1,2) In this theoretical study, we apply MesoFON, a field-calibrated individual-based model of mangrove forest dynamics, and its Lotka–Volterra interpretations to address two questions: (a) Do the dynamics of two identical red mangrove species that compete for light resources and avoid inter-specific competition by lateral crown displacement follow the predictions of classical competition theory or resource competition theory? (b) Which mechanisms drive the dynamics in the presence of inter-specific crown plasticity when local competition is combined with global or with localized seed dispersal? (3) In qualitative support of classical competition theory, the two species can stably coexist within MesoFON. However, the total standing stock at equilibrium matched the carrying capacity of the single species. Therefore, a “non-overyielding” Lotka–Volterra model rather than the classic one approximated best the observed behavior. Mechanistically, inter-specific crown plasticity moved heterospecific trees apart and pushed conspecifics together. Despite local competition, the community exhibited mean-field dynamics with global dispersal. In comparison, localized dispersal slowed down the dynamics by diminishing the strength of intra-/inter-specific competition and their difference due to a restriction in the competitive race to the mean-field that prevails between conspecific clusters. (4) As the outcome in field-calibrated IBMs is mediated by the competition for resources, we conclude that classical competition mechanisms can override those of resource competition, and more species are likely to successfully coexist within communities.

Theory in closer contact with industrial life: American institutional economists on competition theory and policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Panhans ◽  
Reinhard Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
Antitrust Enforcement ◽  
Mainstream Economic ◽  
Competition Theory ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Experimental Attitude

Abstract This paper investigates the views on competition theory and policy of the American institutional economists during the first half of the 20th century. These perspectives contrasted with those of contemporary neoclassical and later mainstream economic approaches. We identify three distinct dimensions to an institutionalist perspective on competition. First, institutionalist approaches focused on describing industry details, so as to bring theory into closer contact with reality. Second, institutionalists emphasized that while competition was sometimes beneficial, it could also be disruptive. Third, institutionalists had a broad view of the objectives of competition policy that extended beyond effects on consumer welfare. Consequently, institutionalists advocated for a wide range of policies to enhance competition, including industrial self-regulation, broad stakeholder representation within corporations, and direct governmental regulations. Their experimental attitude implied that policy would always be evolving, and antitrust enforcement might be only one stage in the development toward a regime of industrial regulation.

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