Adaptation of Autonomic Electronic Institutions Through Norms and Institutional Agents

2007 ◽  
pp. 300-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Bou ◽  
Maite López-Sánchez ◽  
J. A. Rodríguez-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Agents

scholarly journals The natural duty of justice in non-ideal circumstances: On the moral demands of institution building and reform

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Valentini
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The State ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Institutional Agents ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
The Status

Principles of distributive justice bind macro-level institutional agents, like the state. But what does justice require in non-ideal circumstances, where institutional agents are unjust or do not exist in the first place? Many answer by invoking Rawls's natural duty ‘to further just arrangements not yet established’, treating it as a ‘normative bridge’ between institutional demands of distributive justice and individual responsibilities in non-ideal circumstances. I argue that this response strategy is unsuccessful. I show that the more unjust the status quo is due to non-compliance, the less demanding the natural duty of justice becomes. I conclude that, in non-ideal circumstances, the bulk of the normative work is done by another natural duty: that of beneficence. This conclusion has significant implications for how we conceptualize our political responsibilities in non-ideal circumstances, and cautions us against the tendency – common in contemporary political theory – to answer all high-stakes normative questions under the rubric of justice.

Mexican-Origin Women’s Construction and Navigation of Racialized Identities: Implications for Health Amidst Restrictive Immigrant Policies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alana M. W. LeBrón ◽  
Amy J. Schulz ◽  
Cindy Gamboa ◽  
Angela Reyes ◽  
Edna Viruell-Fuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Mexican Origin ◽  
Institutional Agents ◽  
Immigrant Identity ◽  
Border Community ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Immigrant Policies ◽  
Post Industrial

Abstract This study examines how Mexican-origin women construct and navigate racialized identities in a post-industrial northern border community during a period of prolonged restrictive immigration and immigrant policies, and considers mechanisms by which responses to racialization may shape health. This grounded theory analysis involves interviews with 48 Mexican-origin women in Detroit, Michigan, who identified as being in the first, 1.5, or second immigrant generation. In response to institutions and institutional agents using racializing markers to assess their legal status and policing access to health-promoting resources, women engaged in a range of strategies to resist being constructed as an “other.” Women used the same racializing markers or symbols of (il)legality that had been used against them as a malleable set of resources to resist processes of racialization and form, preserve, and affirm their identities. These responses include constructing an authorized immigrant identity, engaging in immigration advocacy, and resisting stigmatizing labels. These strategies may have different implications for health over time. Findings indicate the importance of addressing policies that promulgate or exacerbate racialization of Mexican-origin communities and other communities who experience growth through migration. Such policies include creating pathways to legalization and access to resources that have been actively invoked in racialization processes such as state-issued driver’s licenses.

“Making Up for Lost Time”: The Transition Experiences of Nontraditional Black Male Undergraduates

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon B. Goings
Keyword(s):  
Nontraditional Students ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Black Male ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Institutional Agents ◽  
Black Male Students ◽  
Delayed Entry ◽  
Lost Time ◽  
Academic And Social Experiences

This qualitative study investigated the academic and social experiences and life events that propelled 13 Black male nontraditional undergraduates to transition back to college and explored the various programs and institutional agents these men used once on campus. Findings indicated that participant’s faced challenges with college as traditional-aged students due to being under and over involved with social activities on campus or choosing to pursue a work career. As a result, participants had either delayed entry into college or dropped out as traditional-aged students. However, participants transitioned back to college due to wanting to make up for not completing their degree earlier in life, needing to increase their employment opportunities, and wanting to prove their doubters wrong. Finally, findings indicated that while the men found support from certain professors on their campuses, there were few targeted programs specifically for nontraditional students on campus. Recommendations on how to support nontraditional Black male students are provided.

Well-Being and Human Rights

2019 ◽  
pp. 116-145
Author(s):  
Madison Powers
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Institutional Agents ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Right ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
Control Theories

This chapter demonstrates how the conception of well-being developed in this book is a crucial part of the rationale for human rights. A variant of interest-based theories of human rights is defended against a number of objections. These objections include criticisms raised by proponents of control theories, dignity-based theories, and critics who maintain that the function of human rights is not limited to considerations of how human rights matter to the right-holder. The argument builds on an account of the contingent, but widespread linkage between structural unfairness and human rights violations to defend a pragmatic approach to problems of assigning responsibility for human rights. It addresses the specification of counterpart duties that correlate with human rights claims, and it offers guidance on questions pertaining to the more general responsibilities of institutional agents, paradigmatically nation-states, for maintaining background conditions of structural fairness.

scholarly journals Who Was Afraid of Pregnancy Tests? Gestational Information and Reproduction Policies in France (1920–50)

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-152
Author(s):  
Fabrice Cahen
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The State ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Double Bind ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Institutional Agents ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Informational Asymmetry ◽  
Long Time

Though resulting from a long-term process, the need to manage pregnancies both medically and bureaucratically became a state concern, especially from the 1920s onwards. A woman’s official obligation to notify the state of her pregnancy (and therefore to know it on time) goes beyond a matter of biopolicies and poses a range of contradictions. ‘Pregnant or not?’ – as an issue of knowledge – is a powerful tool for apprehending the tensions between individual freedom, privacy, institutional requirements and professional powers.In order to better understand the historical meaning of pregnancy diagnostics in mid-twentieth-century France, this paper combines three dimensions: uncertainty and its management; the informational asymmetry between institutional agents and women; and the diachronic dimension of gestation. Writing this history sheds more light on an apparent paradox: while knowing and notifying one’s own pregnancy became a duty, the tools that could help women eliminate some doubt right from the first months of their pregnancy – in particular the innovation of laboratory diagnosis – was seen as a danger. When, in 1938, private laboratories began publishing advertisements for the laboratory test in the most widely-read newspapers, tending to reframe it as a commercial service, the anti-abortion crusade was increasing its propaganda and its political pressure. This crusade’s legal victory proved incomplete, but for a long time some of the most conservative physicians recommended great parsimony in prescribing testing. Combined with reducing the legal time limit for notification, this conflict shows how the state injunctions towards women could look like a ‘double bind’.

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