Lower Esophageal Sphincter: Normal Structure and Function

2017 ◽  
pp. 817-822
Author(s):  
Osvaldo Borrelli ◽  
Nikhil Thapar
Keyword(s):  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
And Function

Trans-Oral Incisionless Fundoplication (TIF): How I Do It and Why

2021 ◽  
pp. 263451612110249
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Hernia Repair ◽  
Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
Treatment Option ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication ◽  
Standardized Protocol ◽  
Esophageal Sphincter ◽  
And Function ◽  
Flap Valve

Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication (TIF) is designed to create a 3 cm length, 270° to 300°, omega-shaped flap valve, reconstructing the structure and function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), including the gastric sling fibers. As such, TIF is a treatment option for GERD patients with an intact crura, but have lost the integrity and function of the LES. In patients requiring a hernia repair, TIF can be used concomitantly (cTIF). While there are a number of steps to the TIF 2.0 procedure, many of the sequences are repetitive and follow a standardized protocol, optimizing efficiency, safety, and scalability.

scholarly journals Human thrombocytopenia is associated with structural abnormalities of the endothelium that are ameliorated by glucocorticosteroid administration

Blood ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
CS Kitchens ◽  
JF Pendergast
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Capillary Endothelium ◽  
Severe Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
And Function

Abstract Capillary fragility is characteristic of severe thrombocytopenia. This mechanical weakness may not be solely accounted for by decreased ability of platelets to repair endothelial breaks. Platelets may have a role in maintaining endothelial hemostasis. This laboratory has demonstrated thinning of capillary endothelium in experimental thrombocytopenia. We now report similar findings in human thrombocytopenia. Capillary endothelium supplying either skin or skeletal muscle was found to have a mean thickness only half that of normal as well as frequent very thinned areas, including some fenestrations. All findings reverted toward normal after four days of prednisone administration at a time the degree of thrombocytopenia was equally severe. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that platelets are necessary for normal structure and function of endothelial cells and that glucocorticosteroid administration may ameliorate the pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia.

Oral mucosa, saliva, and speech

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Devlin ◽  
Rebecca Craven
Keyword(s):  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Oral Precancer ◽  
And Function ◽  
And Control

Oral mucosa, saliva, and speech in relation to dentistry are the topics in this chapter. The chapter starts with the normal structure and function of oral mucosa, leading on to a discussion of problems in normal physiology leading to ulceration and to oral precancer and carcinoma. This is followed by a consideration of saliva, its production and properties, and important issues arising from lack of saliva. Swallowing, its phases and control and dental relevance, are next discussed. The concluding section deals with speech, vocalization, phonation, and articulation together with problems of dental relevance, that may arise.

Meninges and Ventricles

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Ruple S. Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Arteries And Veins ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Csf Production

Knowledge of the normal structure and function of the meninges and ventricular system can aid in recognizing and understanding pathologic states. This chapter reviews the meninges, ventricular system, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. Three layers of meninges cover the brain and spinal cord: dura, arachnoid, and pia. They 1) protect the underlying brain and spinal cord, 2) serve as a support framework for important arteries and veins, and 3) enclose a fluid-filled cavity that is important for normal function of the brain and spinal cord.

scholarly journals Identification of a Claudin-4 Residue Important for Mediating the Host Cell Binding and Action of Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 505-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Robertson ◽  
James G. Smedley ◽  
Bruce A. McClane
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Extracellular Loop ◽  
Cell Binding ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens Enterotoxin ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT The 24-member claudin protein family plays a key role in maintaining the normal structure and function of epithelial tight junctions. Previous studies with fibroblast transfectants and naturally sensitive Caco-2 cells have also implicated certain claudins (e.g., Claudin-4) as receptors for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE). The present study first provided evidence that the second extracellular loop (ECL-2) of claudins is specifically important for mediating the host cell binding and cytotoxicity of native CPE. Rat fibroblast transfectants expressing a Claudin-4 chimera, where the natural ECL-2 was replaced by ECL-2 from Claudin-2, exhibited no CPE-induced cytotoxicity. Conversely, CPE bound to, and killed, CPE-treated transfectants expressing a Claudin-2 chimera with a substituted ECL-2 from Claudin-4. Site-directed mutagenesis was then used to alter an ECL-2 residue that invariably aligns as N in claudins known to bind native CPE but as D or S in claudins that cannot bind CPE. Transfectants expressing a Claudin-4N149D mutant lost the ability to bind or respond to CPE, while transfectants expressing a Claudin-1 mutant with the corresponding ECL-2 residue changed from D to N acquired CPE binding and sensitivity. Identifying carriage of this N residue in ECL-2 as being important for native CPE binding helps to explain why only certain claudins can serve as CPE receptors. Finally, preincubating CPE with soluble recombinant Claudin-4, or Claudin-4 fragments containing ECL-2 specifically blocked the cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. This result opens the possibility of using receptor claudins as therapeutic decoys to ameliorate CPE-mediated intestinal disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document