Fluids, Blood Substitutes, and New Tools

2011 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
David C. Griffin ◽  
Raminder Nirula
Keyword(s):  
Blood Substitutes

The biochemistry of drugs and doping methods used to enhance aerobic sport performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 63-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Blood Substitutes ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Blood Doping

Optimum performance in aerobic sports performance requires an efficient delivery to, and consumption of, oxygen by the exercising muscle. It is probable that maximal oxygen uptake in the athlete is multifactorial, being shared between cardiac output, blood oxygen content, muscle blood flow, oxygen diffusion from the blood to the cell and mitochondrial content. Of these, raising the blood oxygen content by raising the haematocrit is the simplest acute method to increase oxygen delivery and improve sport performance. Legal means of raising haematocrit include altitude training and hypoxic tents. Illegal means include blood doping and the administration of EPO (erythropoietin). The ability to make EPO by genetic means has resulted in an increase in its availability and use, although it is probable that recent testing methods may have had some impact. Less widely used illegal methods include the use of artificial blood oxygen carriers (the so-called ‘blood substitutes’). In principle these molecules could enhance aerobic sports performance; however, they would be readily detectable in urine and blood tests. An alternative to increasing the blood oxygen content is to increase the amount of oxygen that haemoglobin can deliver. It is possible to do this by using compounds that right-shift the haemoglobin dissociation curve (e.g. RSR13). There is a compromise between improving oxygen delivery at the muscle and losing oxygen uptake at the lung and it is unclear whether these reagents would enhance the performance of elite athletes. However, given the proven success of blood doping and EPO, attempts to manipulate these pathways are likely to lead to an ongoing battle between the athlete and the drug testers.

Hemoglobin–albumin cross-linking with disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) and/or glutaraldehyde for blood substitutes

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florina Scurtu ◽  
Oana Zolog ◽  
Bianca Iacob ◽  
Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Substitutes ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Disuccinimidyl Suberate

Blood substitutes and infection

Nature ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 358 (6381) ◽  
pp. 23-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Otto ◽  
A. M. J. J. Verweij-van Vught ◽  
D. M. MacLaren
Keyword(s):  
Blood Substitutes

scholarly journals Direct comparison of oligochaete erythrocruorins as potential blood substitutes

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devon Zimmerman ◽  
Matthew DiIusto ◽  
Jack Dienes ◽  
Osheiza Abdulmalik ◽  
Jacob J. Elmer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Substitutes
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