Testing Models, Describing Reality or Neither? Convergence and Divergence of Regional Growth Rates in Europe during the 1980s

1997 ◽  
pp. 36-65
Author(s):  
Paul Cheshire ◽  
Gianni Carbonaro
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Convergence And Divergence

On The Convergence and Divergence of Growth Rates

1996 ◽  
Vol 106 (437) ◽  
pp. 1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven N. Durlauf
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Convergence And Divergence

Prospects for Africa in the second quarter

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
The Political ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Economic Risks

Subject Prospects for Africa in the second quarter. Significance Nigeria's tightly-contested election dominates the political outlook in the coming quarter, posing an unprecedented test for the democratic credentials and institutions of the continent's largest economy. Economically, oil exporters face fiscal and foreign exchange earnings falls, putting a drag on regional growth rates. Regional disparities are also significant. Oil importers can expect a boost to budgetary and external accounts. However, the mixed global outlook will usher in other economic risks.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Differences in the Regional Cortical Plate and Subplate Volume Growth during Fetal Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 4438-4453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana Vasung ◽  
Caitlin K Rollins ◽  
Clemente Velasco-Annis ◽  
Hyuk Jin Yun ◽  
Jennings Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Cortical Plate ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Genetically Determined

Abstract The regional specification of the cerebral cortex can be described by protomap and protocortex hypotheses. The protomap hypothesis suggests that the regional destiny of cortical neurons and the relative size of the cortical area are genetically determined early during embryonic development. The protocortex hypothesis suggests that the regional growth rate is predominantly shaped by external influences. In order to determine regional volumes of cortical compartments (cortical plate (CP) or subplate (SP)) and estimate their growth rates, we acquired T2-weighted in utero MRIs of 40 healthy fetuses and grouped them into early (<25.5 GW), mid- (25.5–31.6 GW), and late (>31.6 GW) prenatal periods. MRIs were segmented into CP and SP and further parcellated into 22 gyral regions. No significant difference was found between periods in regional volume fractions of the CP or SP. However, during the early and mid-prenatal periods, we found significant differences in relative growth rates (% increase per GW) between regions of cortical compartments. Thus, the relative size of these regions are most likely conserved and determined early during development whereas more subtle growth differences between regions are fine-tuned later, during periods of peak thalamocortical growth. This is in agreement with both the protomap and protocortex hypothesis.

scholarly journals Flatten the Curve!

REGION ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-83
Author(s):  
Thomas Wieland
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Voluntary Behavior ◽  
Before School ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Since the emerging of the "novel coronavirus" SARS-CoV-2 and the corresponding respiratory disease COVID-19, the virus has spread all over the world. Being one of the most affected countries in Europe, in March 2020, Germany established several nonpharmaceutical interventions to contain the virus spread, including the closure of schools and child day care facilities (March 16-18, 2020) as well as a full "lockdown" with forced social distancing and closures of "nonessential" services (March 23, 2020). The present study attempts to analyze whether these governmental interventions had an impact on the declared aim of "flattening the curve", referring to the epidemic curve of new infections. This analysis is conducted from a regional perspective. On the level of the 412 German counties, logistic growth models were estimated based on daily infections (estimated from reported cases), aiming at determining the regional growth rate of infections and the point of inflection where infection rates begin to decrease and the curve flattens. All German counties exceeded the peak of new infections between the beginning of March and the middle of April. In a large majority of German counties, the epidemic curve has flattened before the "lockdown" was established. In a minority of counties, the peak was already exceeded before school closures. The growth rates of infections vary spatially depending on the time the virus emerged. Counties belonging to states which established an additional curfew show no significant improvement with respect to growth rates and mortality. Furthermore, mortality varies strongly across German counties, which can be attributed to infections of people belonging to the "risk group", especially residents of retirement homes. The decline of infections in absence of the "lockdown" measures could be explained by 1) earlier governmental interventions (e.g., cancellation of mass events, domestic quarantine), 2) voluntary behavior changes (e.g., physical distancing and hygiene), 3) seasonality of the virus, and 4) a rising but undiscovered level of immunity within the population. The results raise the question whether formal contact bans and curfews really contribute to curve flattening within a pandemic.

scholarly journals Cluster: alternative for regional growth

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Sarmiento Del Valle
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Management ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness ◽  
Los Grupos

The growing concern of the economies to achieve favorable growth rates has been a constant challenge, so it is intended to present the development of clústers as alternatives to achieve regional growth. Besides is appeled an analytical method that compares several theories and identifies the most suitable ones to obtain economic results for the interest groups and the society in general. In addition, policies and actions that currently lack coherence and continuity are evaluated, which influence entrepreneurs and businessmen who lose dynamism and initiative, reflections and limitations on investment, the market, innovation and low levels of Productivity and competitiveness, the product of the lack of strategic management with an international vision, with a structure that does not guarantee propitious, that is to say, are not given the conditions to be the alternative expected to be subject to the implementation of protectionist policies.La preocupación creciente de las economías por alcanzar índices de crecimiento favorables se ha constituido en un reto constante, por lo que se pretende presentar el desarrollo de clústeres como alternativas para alcanzar el crecimiento regional. Se recurre a un método analítico que compara diversas teorías e identificar las más convenientes para obtener resultados beneficiosos para los grupos de interés y a la sociedad en general. Además, se evalúan políticas y acciones que actualmente muestran poca coherencia y continuidad, que influyen en emprendedores y empresarios quienes pierden dinamismo e iniciativa, reflejadas en limitaciones en la inversión, mercado, innovación y bajos índices de productividad y competitividad, producto de la carencia de una gestión estratégica con visión internacional, con una estructura que no garantiza propicia, es decir, no están dadas las condiciones para ser la alternativa esperada por estar supeditados a que se implementen políticas proteccionistas.A preocupação crescente das economias para alcançar taxas de crescimento favoráveis tornou-se um desafio constante, por isso, pretende-se introduzir o desenvolvimento do clúster como alternativas para alcançar o crescimento regional. Ele usa um método analítico que compara várias teorias e identificar o mais adequado para resultados benéficos para as partes interessadas e da sociedade em geral. Além disso, políticas e ações que atualmente mostram pouca consistência e continuidade, afetando empresários e homens de negócios que perdem dinamismo e iniciativa, refletida em limitações de investimento, mercado, inovação e baixos níveis de produtividade e competitividade, resultante da falta de avaliadas gestão estratégica com visão internacional, com uma estrutura que não garante favorável, ou seja, não são dadas as condições previstas para a alternativa a ser objecto de políticas protecionistas para ser implementado.

scholarly journals Flatten the Curve! Modeling SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Growth in Germany at the County Level

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Wieland
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Curve Modeling ◽  
Before School ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractSince the emerging of the “novel coronavirus” SARS-CoV-2 and the corresponding respiratory disease COVID-19, the virus has spread all over the world. Being one of the most affected countries in Europe, in March 2020, Germany established several nonpharmaceutical interventions to contain the virus spread, including the closure of schools and child day care facilities (March 16-18, 2020) as well as a full “lockdown” with forced social distancing and closures of “nonessential” services (March 23, 2020). The present study attempts to analyze whether these governmental interventions had an impact on the declared aim of “flattening the curve”, referring to the epidemic curve of new infections. This analysis is conducted from a regional perspective. On the level of the 412 German counties, logistic growth models were estimated based on daily infections (estimated from reported cases), aiming at determining the regional growth rate of infections and the point of inflection where infection rates begin to decrease and the curve flattens. All German counties exceeded the peak of new infections between the beginning of March and the middle of April. In a large majority of German counties, the epidemic curve has flattened before the “lockdown” was established. In a minority of counties, the peak was already exceeded before school closures. The growth rates of infections vary spatially depending on the time the virus emerged. Counties belonging to states which established an additional curfew show no significant improvement with respect to growth rates and mortality. Furthermore, mortality varies strongly across German counties, which can be attributed to infections of people belonging to the “risk group”, especially residents of retirement homes. The results raise the question whether social ban measures and curfews really contribute to curve flattening within a pandemic.

The regional recreation system of the Republic of Karelia: Development assessment by attendance of major recreational facilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1799-1816
Author(s):  
A.V. Vasil'eva
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Total Flow ◽  
Recreational Facilities ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Data Comparison ◽  
Number Of Visits ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Development Assessment

Subject. This article discusses the development of the recreational system of the Republic of Karelia. Objectives. The article aims to propose and test a methodology for assessing the regional recreational system's development simultaneously identifying its main limitations and opportunities. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of data comparison and generalization. Results. The article describes the growth rates of the total number of visits to major recreational facilities, as well as the changes in visits and proportion of visitors in the total flow. Conclusions. The development of recreational activities as a driver of regional growth may be constrained by some barriers. To overcome them, problems related to the development of transport infrastructure and a network of accommodation facilities of various categories, as well as the accessibility and capacity of recreational facilities, must be addressed.

Multistate Dynamics: The Convergence of an Age-by-Region Population System

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
K-L Liaw
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Interregional Migration ◽  
Population System ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Spatial Convergence

This paper uses Rogers's (1975) discrete model of multiregional demographic growth to study the convergence properties of a fourteen-age-group, eight-region, female Canadian population system, which is subject to the 1966–1971 age-specific rates of births, deaths, and interregional migration. The focus is on (1) the changes in the age-by-region population distribution and (2) the evolution of regional growth and component rates. For the youngest age group, the fluctuations in regional population size are almost entirely determined by a small number of low-frequency and long-durability cyclical components. As age increases, the high-frequency and short-durability cyclical components tend to play a more important role. The half-lives of major cyclical components are related to the shapes of regional fertility schedules. The legacy of the postwar baby boom is nationwide, so that the population waves in different regions tend to have similar phases and periodicities. The slow and persistent spatial convergence is noncyclical, but one region overshoots and two others undershoot their respective long-run regional shares. Over a hundred years the convergence toward the long-run regional age profiles is practically completed, while the spatial convergence has gone only halfway. The difference in sensitivity among regional birth, death, in-migration, and out-migration rates to moving population waves and changing slopes of regional age profiles depends on the characteristics of regional schedules of fertility, mortality, and interregional migration. The persistent interregional contrast in growth rates is mainly determined by the relative competitiveness in the interregional migration transaction. The fluctuations of regional growth rates are dominated by the cyclical pattern of regional birth rates in early stages and by the fluctuations of regional death rates in later stages. The interpretation of long-run (intrinsic) regional in-migration or net migration rates as indices of regional attractiveness or competitiveness can be more misleading than the interpretation of long-run regional death rates as indices of regional mortality.

Regional growth rates, delivery plans and targets

2003 ◽  
Vol 246 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Paul Benneworth
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Regional Growth
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